stalk divided, so that each division forms a compound leaf.
are of three different kinds.

They

1. TWINFORK (bigeminus) when a forked leaf-stalk bears several leafits at the end of each division or fork. Pl. 10. f. 4.

2. DOUBLY-THREEFOLD (bi-ternatus) when a leaf-stalk with three divisions bears three leafits upon the end of each division. Pl. 8. f. 57. 3. DOUBLY-WINGED (duplicato-pinnatum) (bi-pinnatum) when a leafstalk has lateral ribs, and each of these ribs form a winged leaf; example Tansy, Yarrow. Pl. 8. f. 56. For leaves more than doubly compound, see Triply Compound.

DOWN (pappus) the fine hair or feather-like substance crowning the seeds of some plants, and enabling the wind to scatter them abroad. In Sow-thistle it consists of simple or undivided hairs, but in the Goat's-beard it is branched, and then is called feathered down. Pl. 4. f. 22. (l.) Pl. 6. f, 2. (a. b.)

DOWNY (leaf) see Cottony.

DROOPING (nutans) for such is the most exact meaning of the term when applied to a Panicle, as it frequently is when speaking of the Grasses, whose spikets often hang down in an elegant pensile form. DRU'PA, pulpy seed-vessel without valves, consisting of a hard nut or stone, encompassed by a pulpy substance; exemplified in the Plum, . the Cherry, and the Peach. Pl. 5. f. 21.

DUPLICATUS, doubled.

DUPLICA'TO-CRENA'TUM, doubly scolloped.
PINNA'TUM, doubly winged.

SERRATUM, doubly serrated.
TERNATUM, doubly three-fold.

DUST, see Pollen.

DUSTED (pulveratus) some plants appear as if covered with a kind of dust or powder; as the English Mercury, and the leaves of

Auricula.

EAR-SHAPED (auriculatus) somewhat resembling a human ear. It is also used to express a little appendage at the base of a leaf or leafit. EBRACTEA'TUS, without any floral leaf.

ECALCARA'TA, without a spur or horn.

ECHINA'TUS, set with prickles, (echinated, as a hedge-hog. E.) (EDEN TULUS, without teeth. E.)

EGG-SHAPED (ovatus) signifies a shape resembling the solid substance of

an egg, as the seed-bud of Jacob's Ladder, and the seeds of Fennel; or it implies only the form of an egg, if divided longways, as in the leaves of the Beech-tree or Peppermint. Pl. 7. f. 3. EGG-SPEAR-SHAPED (ovato-lanceolatum.) See Spear-egg-shaped, ELLIPTICUM, see Oval.

EMARGINA'TUM, notched at the end. (According to Smith, as applied to the termination of leaves, emarginate, or nicked, having a small acute notch at the summit, as in those of Bladder Senna. See Curt. Mag. t. 81. E.)

EMBRACING (amplexicaulis) the STEM; when the base of a leaf nearly

surrounds the stem, as in Solomon's Seal, Poppy, and Borage. Pl. 9. f. 4. (f) (EMBRYO, (Corculum of Linn. see Heart) the Germ, or most essential part of a seed, situated between the cotyledons; and whence springs the stem upwards and the root downwards. E.)

EMPALEMENT, see Calyx.

ENER'VIUM, nerveless.

ENNEAGY'NIA, nine Pistils.

ENNEAN'DRIA, nine Stamens.

ENO'DIS, jointless, or without joints, (as the stems of certain Grasses. E.) ENSIFORME (leaf) sword-shaped.

ENTIRE, (integer) LEAF, or PETAL; this term is opposed to cloven, gashed, indented, &c. but it does not signify that it is not serrated or scolloped. When a leaf is said to be very entire (integerrimus) we understand that it is not even scolloped or serrated. The leaves of a Nettle are entire, but those of Lilac are very entire. Pl. 7. f. 31. 35. entire leaves, f. 39. 40. very entire leaves. (EPIDERMIS, cuticle. E.)

EQUAL (æqualis) sometimes signifies regular, all alike; as the blossoms of Angelica. The florets forming the compound flowers of the first Order of the Class Syngenesia are said to be equal: that is, they are all alike in being equally furnished both with Stamens and Pistils.

EQUITANS, folded one upon another; laminated (or equitant, as applied to the insertion of certain leaves. E.)

ERECTUS, upright, erect.

ERO'SUM, gnawed.

ESSENTIAL CHARACTER (character essentialis) is a single circumstance serving to distinguish a genus from every other genus. Thus Crowfoot (Ranunculus) is distinguished from other genera by the Nectary at the base of each petal; and Colewort is known from all other genera in the same natural order, by the four longer threads being forked at the top.

EVEN (lævis) SURFACE, level, regular, in opposition to scored, furrowed, or other inequalities, occasioned by deficiency of substance, or by presence of hairs, &c.

the

(EXANNULATE, or THECATE; descriptive of such of the capsules of Ferns as are not provided with a transverse ring. E.)

(EVERGREEN, (semper-virens) as opposed to deciduous; plants which retain their leaves at all seasons: the leaves being so gradually cast off and re-produced, that the tree or shrub is never stripped. E.) EXARA'TUS, see Furrowed.

EXCRESCENCE, (apophysis) a substance growing from the seat of the flower in some of the Mosses.

EXPANDING (patens) standing in a direction between upright and horizontal; as the petals of the Strawberry, the branches of most plants, and the leaves of Brooklime Speedwell. Pl. 9. f. 5. (c. c.) EXSER'TUS, protruding; opposed to inclosed.

EXTIPULATUS, without Stipulæ.

EXTRAFOLIA Tus, underneath the leaves.

EYE (hilum) the external scar upon a seed by which it was fixed to the seed-vessel (and through which the internal parts are nourished. E.) it is very remarkable in a Bean. Pl. 6. f. 3. (e.)

FARCTUS, filled full.

FARINA, See Pollen.

FASCICULA'RIS,

FASCICULATUS,

}(bundled, or fasciculated. E.)

FASCICULUS, a bundle.

FASTIGIATUS, flat-topped.

FATHOM (orgya) see Measure.

FAUX, mouth.

FAVO'SUM, honey-combed.

FEATHERED, (plumosus) the down of seeds sometimes consists of fine simple or undivided hairs, in others it sends out lateral hairs, and then it is said to be feathered. Pl. 4. f. 22. (l.) Pl. 6. f. 2. (b.) FEEBLE (debilis) not strong enough to stand upright.

FEMALE FLOWERS, or FLORETS; such as contain one or more Pistils, but no Stamens.

FEMINE'US, see Female.

FENCE, see Involucrum, and Involucellum.
FERNS, see Filices.

FERTILE FLOWERS (fertiles vel feminei flores) those that produce seeds capable of vegetation; as is very generally the case in flowers which have both Stamens and Pistils. Flowers that have only Stamens, never can produce seeds; and flowers that have only Pistils must be barren, if they are so situated as to be out of reach of the Pollen, from the Anthers of the stameniferous flowers; in some instances they will indeed produce seeds to all appearance perfect; but these seeds never vegetate.

FIBRES (nervi) woody strings or nerves, running undivided from the base to the extremity of the leaf; as in the Broad and Narrowleafed Plantain. Pl. 7. f. 46. These kinds of fibres, whether branched or not, have been indifferently called nerves and veins, but without much proof that they are destined to the office of either. Perhaps they ought rather to be considered as ribs, intended only to strengthen the leaf.

(radicule) the real and indispensable feeders of the root, without which the other parts cannot sustain vegetation. E.)

FIBROUS (fibrosus) Roots: composed of small threads or fibres (only, as most grasses, and annual plants. E.) Pl. 10. f. 7.

FIDDLE-SHAPED (panduriformis) oblong, but narrowed in the middle and broader below, as is the leaf of one species of Dock, supposed to resemble a violin, therefore called Fiddle Dock.

FILAMENT, or thread, (filamentum) the thread-shaped part of a Stamen, supporting the Anther. See Stamen; see also Pl. 3. f. 3. (h.) f. 6. (g.) and Pl. 1. f. 19. (a. a.)

FI'LICES, Ferns, the name of the natural assemblage of plants constituting the second Order of the Class Cryptogamia.

FILIFORMIS, thread-shaped.

FIMBRIATUS, fringed: (more vaguely bordered as a flounce, as opposed to Ciliatus, having soft hairs like an eye-lash. E.)

FIS'SUM, cloven.

FISTULO'SUS, hollow.

FIVE-CORNERED (quinquangulare) leaf. See pl. 7. fig. 20.
FLACCIDUS, limber, feeble; see debilis.

(FLAGELLIFORMIS, long and pliant; as the stem of the Common Jasmine. E.)

FLAGEL'LUM, a runner.

FLATTED, see Compressed.

FINGER-LIKE (digitatus) a species of compound LEAVES, resembling the expanded fingers of the human hand; so that two or more leaves are joined to the end of an undivided leaf-stalk, as in those of Wild Black Hellebore, Lupine, and Horse Chesnut. Pl. 7. f. 48. FINGER-LIKE, they may be IN PAIRS (binatus) with two terminating leafits. Pl. 7. f. 50.

IN THREES (ternatus) with three termi

nating leafits. Pl. 7. f. 51.

leafits.

IN FIVES (quinatus) with five terminating

FIRM (compactus) applied to the texture of a leaf.

FLAT-TOPPED (fastigiatus) rising to the same height, so as to form a flat, or nearly flat surface at the top.

FLESHY SEED-VESSEL, see Pomum.

LEAF, or ROOT (carnosum) as the leaves of Sedum dasyphyllum. more solid than pulpy; as the fruit of the Apple; the root of the Turnip; and the leaf of Round-leaved Stonecrop. FLEXIBLE (flexilis) readily bending without breaking.

(FLEXUO'SUS, zig-zag; not strictly angular, but winding alternately from right to left, and from left to right, as do certain stems and branches. E.)

FLOATING (natans) applied to aquatic plants, whose leaves or flowers float upon the surface of the water: e. g. Water-lily, Pond-weed. FLORAL-LEAVES (bractea) differ in shape or colour from the other leaves of the plant; they are generally placed on the fruit-stalk, and often so near the flower as in some instances to be easily mistaken for the Calyx; but the Calyx dries or withers when the fruit is ripe, whereas the floral leaves endure as long as the other leaves of the plant. Examples of floral leaves may be seen in the Pansy, the Lime-tree, Hellebore, Passion-flower, Sage, Wild Marjoram; and many others. Pl. 9. f. 8. (a. a.)

(florale fol.) means also, sometimes, the leaves more immediately approaching the flower, though not properly floral-leaves. FLORET (flosculus) a little flower, one of the small flowers composing a compound or incorporated flower. See the Introduction to the Class Syngenesia. They are TUBULAR; that is, formed of a tube cloven into five parts at the border, as in Tansy; or NARROW when the blossom is long and strap-shaped, as in Dandelion. In' Daisy and Sunflower, the florets in the centre are TUBULAR, and

those in the circumference NARROW, or RADIATE. Pl. 4. f. 21. f. 24. f. 26. In the second Order of the Class Pentandria, which contains the Umbelliferous plants, the florets composing the Umbels are each formed of five Petals. When the petals are all of the same size and shape, the florets are said to be EQUAL; as in Angelica and Cellery; but when the outer petals are larger than the others, the florets are said to be RADIATE; as in Shepherd's Needle and Carrot.

FLOS, a flower.

FLOS'CULUS, a floret.

FLOSCULO'SUS, a tubular floret. FLOWER (flos) a temporary part of a plant appropriated to the production of seeds; it is composed of seven parts; the CALYX; the BLOSSOM; the STAMENS; the PISTILS; the SEED-VESSEL; the SEEDS; and the RECEPTACLE. To these perhaps we may add an eighth, viz. the NECTARY. It is not necessary that all these parts should be present to constitute a flower. INCOMPLETE flowers are deficient in one or more of the parts. Hyacinth and Tulip have no Calyx. Misletoe, Gale, Hop, Yew, Dog's Mercury, Nettle, and the flowers of the plants bearing Catkins, have no blossoms. Ground Ivy, White and Red Dead-nettle, and all the plants in the first Order of the Class Didynamia, have no seed-vessels.

FOLIA'CEUS, leafy.

(FOLIATION, the manner in which the leaves are folded up in the hybernaculum; which may be either folded, overlapping, or rolled.

E.)

FOLI'OLUM, leafit, or leaflet.

FO'LIUM, leaf.

(FOLLICULAR GLAND: see Glandula follicularis, E.) FOLLICULUS, an air-bag, or follicle.

FooT (pes) see Measure.

(FOOT-STALK (petiolus) see Leaf-stalk. E.)

FORKED (furcatus, dichotomus) dividing and often subdividing into forks, as the branches of most of the Spurges; the fruit-stalks of Common Calamint, and the Pink; the Style of the Currant. Pl. 10. f. 4. (or a certain description of stem. E.)

FORNICA'TUS, vaulted. It also signifies closed, when applied to the blossom of the rough-leaved plants in Pentandria Monogynia, meaning that the top of the tube is shut, or closed.

FOUR-CORNERED (tetragonus) as the stem of the Dead-nettle. (FOUR-RANKED, (brachiatus) as applied to a stem, whose branches extend in four exactly opposite directions. E.)

(FRINGE (peristoma) which see. E.)

FRINGED (ciliatus) as the blossom of Buckbean, and the Garden Nasturtium; or the leaves of the Cross-leaved Heath. Pl. 7. f. 43. The term fimbriatus has also been used to express the fringe of a

blossom.

(FRONDOSE (frondosus) Plants whose fructification originates from what is at the same time both leaf and stem; as in Fuci, Filices, Hepaticæ, &c. E.)