The fruit-stalks of an Umbel are called Spokes. Pl. 6. f. 9. (b. b. b. b.) Those of an Umbellule, Spokets, or little Spokes. UMBILICA'TUS, resembling a navel; dimpled.

UN-ANGULATUS, one-edged.

UNARMED (inermis) without weapons of defence. See Weapons.
UNCINA'TUS, hooked at the end.

UNDA'TUS, waved.

UNDER-SHRUB (suffrutex) like a shrub in its woody texture at the bottom, but the top shoots herbaceous, tender, and dying in the winter. Lavender is an example.

UNDIVIDED, see Simple.

UNEQUAL FLORETS (radiati) when an Umbel is not composed of equal florets, but those in the circumference are larger than those in the centre, and the outer petals are larger and different in shape from the inner petals. As in Carrot and Cow-parsnep. See Radiate, for Linnæus uses the same term (radiatus) to express the dissimilarities of the florets in the umbelliferous plants of the Class Pentandria, as those of the compound flowers of the Class Syngenesia.

UN'GUIS, a nail, see Measure. Also the claw of a Petal; see Claw. UNGULATUS, hoof-shaped.

U'NICUS, single; only one.

UNIFLO'RUS, one-flowered.

UNIFORM (equalis) a term applied to compound flowers when the florets which compose them are all alike; as those of Fennel, Lettuce and Burdock.

(UNILATERALIS, unilateral: growing from one side only, leaning all to one side, as the position of certain leaves. E.)

UNILOCULA'RE, one-celled.

UNIVALVE, one-valved.
UNIVERSALIS, general.

UNITED (connatus) LEAVES, two opposite leaves growing together at the base. Pl. 9. f. 4. (h. h.)

UPRIGHT (erectus) standing upright, or nearly so, as the cups of Periwinkle; the anthers of Polyanthus; the stalks of Tulips; the stems of Sparagus. It is also applied to leaves. Pl. 9. f. 5. (b. b.) URCEOLATUS, pitcher-shaped.

U'RENS, stinging.

UTRICULUS, a little bag or hollow vesicle (as a single-seeded capsule without valves. E.)

VAGINA, a sheath formed by a part of a leaf, distinct from the Sheath (Spatha) which is a species of Calyx. It is very frequent in Grasses.

VAGINANS, sheathing.

VAGINA'TUS, sheathed.

VALVE (valvula) the different pieces that compose a capsule are called valves. Thus in Thorn-apple are four valves. Pl. 5. f. 14. (c. c. c. c.) In Loosestrife, ten; in Jacob's Ladder, Daffodil, and Hyacinth, three. Pl. 5. f. 6. f. 12. (a. a.)

The Petals and Calyxes which constitute the flowers of Grasses,

are called valves; thus in Common Meadow Grass, the cup is a dry chaffy husk, composed of two valves, and the blossom is formed of two other valves. See pl. 2. f. 1. (a. a.) (b. b.) and most of the other figures in that plate.

VALVE. The mouth of the tube of a blossom is frequently closed by several projecting substances; thus in the blossoms of Borage and Jacob's Ladder, the tube is closed by five of these substances which are also called valves.

VANE-LIKE (versatilis) turning about like a vane, or weathercock, as is the case with the Anthers of Geranium and Crown Imperial. (VARIEGA'TUM, variegated: applied to leaves blotched, or striped with yellow or white; as those of Ribband Grass, Round-leaved Mint, &c. E.)

VARIETY (varietas) is applied to such individual plants as differ in some circumstances from others of the same species, but not differing so essentially or so permanently as to induce us to reckon them as distinct species.

(VASCU'LUM; a lacquered or painted tin box, the size of an octavo volume, or larger, calculated to preserve plants in a state of freshness many days, by confining their exhausting evaporation. A gentle sprinkling with water will also promote their revival in the box. E.)

VAULTED (fornicatus) like the roof of the mouth. The upper lip of many of the gaping blossoms is vaulted; e. g. Red and White

Dead-nettle.

VEIL (calyptra) the Calyx of Mosses, covering the Capsules. It is generally in a conical form, like an extinguisher. (Some recent Botanists have supposed this membranous hood to partake more of the nature of a Corolla; or at least of a petal. Ē.) Pl. 1. f. D. (a.) VEINED (venosum) a leaf is said to be veined when its fibres are branched, as in Pl. 7. f. 44. (which veins, with the ribs, contain the principal sap vessels. E.)

VENO'SUM (leaf) veined.

(VENTRICO'SUS, ventricose, distended in the middle. E.)

(VERNATIO, the folding of the scales which envelope the embryo plant in a gemma or bud. E.)

VERRUCO SUS, warty.

VERSATILIS, vane-like, (versatile. E.)

VERTICILLATI, growing in whirls or whorls (spreading from one centre in all directions. E.)

VERTICIL'LI, Whirls, or whorls.

VESICULÆ, bladders.

VEXIL'LUM, a standard.

VILLI, Soft hairs.

VILLO'SUS, Soft-haired.

VI'MEN, a slender and flexible twig.

VIRGA'TUS, rod-shaped.

VISCID, or clammy, (viscidus.)

VISCOS'ITAS, clamminess.

(VITTE; fillets or bands with which the fruit of certain plants is ribbed; as in Spignel. E.) VIVIPAROUS (viviparus) a term applied to stems or stalks producing bulbs that are capable of vegetation. In Toothwort and Star of Bethlem, these bulbs are found at the base of the leaves; in Small Bistort, on the lower part of the spike; in some species of Garlic, at the origin of the Umbel of flowers; and upon the spikes of some of the Grasses, as Cat's-tail Canary. It is also used where the seeds falling upon some part of the parent plant germinate and produce a young plant.

VOLUBILIS, twining (or turning spirally, as certain stems, &c. E.) VOL'VA, a curtain. It is used also by some authors, but not by Linnæus, to signify the wrapper.

(WART, See Haustoria. E.)

WARTY (verrucosus) having little hard lumps or warts upon the surface. (WATERY WHITE: the appearance given to white linen or paper by wetting it; diminishing the intensity of the whiteness, but increasing the transparency: also applicable to other colours; and usually descriptive of certain Fungi, &c. E.)

WAVED (undatus) when the surface of a leaf towards the edge does not lie flat, but appears waved, and full, like a man's ruffle. The leaf of Water Caltrops is an example. Pl. 8. f. 66.

WEAPONS (arma) are either Prickles, Thorns, or Stings. Pl. 10. See

those terms.

WEDGE-SHAPED (cuneiformis) as the leaves of Garden Spurge, and Garden Purslain. Pl. 8. f. 65.

WHEEL-SHAPED (rotatus) a term used to express a blossom of one petal, with a flat border and a very short tube. Borage and Speedwell are familiar examples. Pl. 4. f. 6.

WHIRLS OF WHORLS, (verticilli) of BRANCHES, LEAVES, or FLOWERS. The branches of the Fir, the leaves of Ladies' Bed-straw, and the flowers of Dead-nettle, grow in whirls round their respective stems. They somewhat resemble the spokes round the nave of a wheel. Pl. 6. f. 11.

(WHITE, (albumen.) E.)

WINGS (ale) the lateral petals of a butterfly-shaped blossom; e, g. in the Pea. See the Introduction to the Class Diadelphia. See also pl. 4. f. 13. (c. c.) and f. 16.

The dilated appendage terminating or surrounding Seeds, and sometimes serving to aid their dispersion through the air, or Seedvessels; the capsule of the Ash is furnished with one wing, the Maple with several, as more frequently prevails. E.)

WINGED (alatus) LEAF-STALK, flattish, with a thin membrane or leafy border on each side.

WINGED (pinnatus) LEAF; when an undivided leaf-stalk has many little leaves growing from each side, as in Jacob's Ladder, Bladder Senna, Ash, and Pea. Pl. 8. f. 52. 53. 54. &c.-The reader is desired particularly to study this plate with its annexed explanation, in order to obtain accurate ideas of the different kinds of winged leaves.

WINGED (alatus) STEM, or LEAF-STALK, such as have a thin flat membrane on each side, as the leaf-stalk of the Orange-tree. WING-CLEFT (pinnatifidus) is applied to a leaf that is cut aud divided so deeply on each side, down towards the middle rib, as almost to resemble a winged leaf. Corn Poppy and Polypody are examples; and so are the root-leaves of Shepherd's Purse. Pl. 7. f. 23. WINGED-SHOOTS (surculi pinnati) when the shoots strike out from the sides, like the plumage of a quill. Instances will be found in several species of Feather-moss, (Hypnum.)

WIRES (flagelli) see Runners.

(WOOD; the material which constitutes the principal solid bulk of trees; consisting of numerous concentric layers, formed of cellular substance, strengthened by innumerable fibres and vessels. The age of a tree may be ascertained by these rings, one being added annually. The opinion of Malpighi and Grew that wood is formed by the bark has been controverted. Mr. Thomson deduces from Mr. Knight's experiments, that although the alburnum is generated through the medium of the bark, yet it is decidedly not transmuted liber. Mr. Knight asserts that the bark deposits the alburnous matter; but that the leaves are the organs in which this matter is elaborated from the sap. Dr. Hales demonstrated that the leaf was essential to the formation of wood; and hence trees and shrubs whose leaves have been destroyed by caterpillars, as Mr. Thomson remarks, form scarcely any new wood in that season. E.)

WOODY (arboreus) opposed to herbaceous. The main stems of Wallflower or Gilliflower are woody.

WOOL (lana) a kind of curly-haired clothing upon the surface of some plants. The leaves of Horehound, Great Mullein, and Gorse are woolly.

WOOLLY (lanatus.)

WRAPPER (volva) but not the volva of Linnæus; a tough membrane which envelopes the whole plant of some of the Fungi in its See the Introduction to the Class Cryptogamia ; younger state. see also pl. 19. fig. F. (m. m. m. m. m.) WRINKLED (rugosus) as are the leaves of Sage, Primrose, Wood Strawberry aud Hazel.

(ZIGZAG (flexuosus) having many contrary bendings, alternately from right to left, and from left to right; as the stems of Matted Sea Lavender; Rough Bindweed and Woody Night-shade, or the branches of Golden Rod. E.)

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE III.

Parts composing a Flower.

FIG. 1. A Back View of a ROSE, to shew the Calyx or Cup. a. a. a. a. a. the Segments of the cup.

FIG. 2. A figure of the CROWN IMPERIAL, to shew

a. a. a. a. a. a. the Petals.

b. b. b. b. b. b. the Stamens.

c. c. c. c. c. c. the Anthers.

d. c.

f. the Pistil.

d. the Germen.

e. the Style.

f. the Summit.

FIG. 3. g. a Petal of the CROWN IMPERIAL separated from the Flower. h. i. a Stamen; h. the Filament; i. the Anther.

k. a nectariferous pore.

FIG. 4. The Seed-vessel of the CROWN IMPERIAL cut a-cross, to show the three Cells. During the existence of the Blossom this

was called the Germen.

FIG. 5. A Flower, with the Cup, the Stamen, and the Pistils; but the Petals taken away.

FIG. 6.

a. the Calyx, in this case called a Cup.

b. b. b. b. b. b. the Anthers of the Stamens.

c. the Germen.

d. the Style.

e. the Summit.

f. one of the Anthers discharging its pollen.

g.

h. a Stamen taken out of a Flower.

g. the Filament; h. the Anther; which, in this instance, is double.

FIG. 7. i. k. l. a Pistil taken out of a Flower; i. the Germen; k. the Style; . the Summit,

FIG. 8. a. a particle of Pollen greatly magnified; b. the vapour escaping from it, which is supposed to pass through the Style, to fertilize the Germen.

FIG. 9. A DAFFODIL and its sheathing Calyx; a. a. the Sheath; d. the

sheathed fruit-stalk.

FIG. 10. A Cup which is the Calyx of a POLYANTHUS, with five sharp

teeth in the rim.