Genus II.-INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES WHICH EXISTENCE AND PHYSICAL QUALITIES. PERCEIVE 22. Individuality. 23. Form. 25. Weight. 26. Coloring. 24. Size. Genus III.-INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES WHICH PERCEIVE RELATIONS OF EXTERNAL OBJECTS. The importance of aiming at a correct arrangement of the organs will be better understood after reading the following quotation from "Combe's System of Phrenology," pages 105 and 6: "Dr. Spurzheim divides the faculties into two orders, FEELING and INTELLECT, or into affective and intellectual faculties. The feelings are subdivided into two genera, PROPENSITIES and SENTIMENTS. He applies the name propensities to indicate internal impulses, which invite only to certain actions; and sentiments designate other feelings, not limited to inclination alone, but which have an emotion of a peculiar kind superadded. Acquisitiveness, for example, is a mere impulse to acquire; Veneration gives a tendency to worship, accompanied with a particular emotion, which latter quality is the reason of its being denominated a Sentiment. "The second order of faculties makes us acquainted with objects which exist, their qualities and relations; and they are called intellectual. They are subdivided by Dr. Spurzheim into four genera. The first includes the external senses and voluntary motion; the second, those internal powers which perceive existence; or make man and animals acquainted with external objects, and their physical qualities; and the third, the powers which perceive the relations of external objects. These three genera are named perceptive faculties. The fourth genus comprises the faculties which act on all the other powers, which compare, judge, and discriminate; and these are named reflective faculties. "The names of the faculties employed in this work are, with few exceptions, those suggested by Dr. Spurzheim. To designate propensity, the termination ive is added to a root or fundamental word, and indicates the quality of producing; and ness, the abstract state, as Destructiveness. The termination ous, characterises a sentiment, as Cautious, Conscientious. To these is added ness, to express the abstract state, as Cautiousness, Conscientiousness. The names of the intellectual faculties are easily understood, and do not require any particular explanation. "Considerable difficulty attends the arrangement of the faculties and organs. In the first and second editions of this work, they were arranged and numbered according to the order adopted in Dr. Spurzheim's New Physiognomical System, published in 1815. The principle of that arrange ment was, as far as possible, philosophical. The organs common to man and the lower animals came first, beginning with the lowest, and ascending. The organs of the moral sentiments were next treated of; and, lastly, the organs of intellect. Since 1815, the great divisions of this classification have been retained, but repeated alterations have been made by Dr. Spurzheim in the arrangement of the details. It appears impossible to arrive at a correct classification until all the organs, and also the primitive faculty or ultimate function of each, shall be definitely ascertained, which is not at present the case. Till this end shall be accomplished, every interim arrangement will be in danger of being overturned by subsequent discoveries. In the mean time, however, for the sake of uniformity, I adopt Dr. Spurzheim's last order of arrangement. During his visit to Edinburgh in 1828, he demonstrated the anatomy of the brain, and traced out the connexion between the organs in a man. ner so clear and satisfactory, that the basis of his arrangement appeared founded in nature. Dr. Gall seems not to have adopted any philosophical principle of classification; but it is proper that his names and order should be known. I shall, therefore add to the present work a table of his order. "In the case of many of the organs, observations have been made to such an extent, that the functions are held to be ascertained; and in regard to others, where the observations have been fewer, the functions are stated as probable. There is no difference of opinion among phrenologists in regard to the kind of manifestations which accompany the organs set down as established; their differences touch only the result of the metaphysical analysis of the feelings and intellectual powers, and the order of their arrangement." After reading the preceding quotation from Mr. Combe, the advantages of the new arrangement which I propose will be appreciated. NEW CLASSIFICATION. I find the cerebral organs of all animals evidently divided into three classes; each of which, commencing at the base of the brain with a single organ, expands and proceeds upwards, receiving new additions as the animal rises in the scale of beings. Class 1.-IPSEAL,* or Self-Relative propensities. Each of these classes may be subdivided into ranges, or groups, to correspond with the progressive stages of animal character, from the lowest species of the zoophites that seem to claim kindred with the vegetable, up to man, who is "but little lower than the angels." This division into three classes, IPSEAL, SOCIAL, and INTELLECTUAL, is founded upon the following considera tions: FIRST, ANATOMY points continually to three grand divisions 1. The spinal cord is in three columns, anterior, middle and posterior; and Mr. Charles Bell has demonstrated that all the nerves which proceed from one column, are destined to perform one class of functions. The nerves from the anterior column are for volition; those from the middle, for respiration and nutrition; and those from the posterior, for sensation. 2. The medulla oblongata, Mr. Bell considers as a continuation of the same three columns of the spinal cord; but as he was little acquainted with the science of phrenology, this great anatomist was unable to trace the three columns up into the brain. The medulla oblongata has three bodies, The pyramidal, in the anterior, The olivary, in the middle, and The restiform, in the posterior column. 3. The brain proper has always been divided into three lobes; anterior, middle, and posterior; and this division. may be found strongly marked in the brains of all the higher animals. Spurzheim found by dissection, that the fibres of the anterior pyramidal bodies of the oblongata, expanded into and constituted the anterior lobes of the brain; and he contended that the middle and posterior lobes originated in the other two parts of the oblongata. 4. All anatomists agree that the cerebellum, or organ of Amativeness, has its primary fibres in the posterior column of the oblongata; and when we consider that this is the foundation of the social class, we shall be at once struck with the harmony which it exhibits with the other facts upon |