CONTENTS.

SECTION I.

IRON AND STEEL.

IRON ORES, ROLLED GIRDERS, PLATES, AND RODS.

American iron ores at the Exhibition-Steel of Park Brothers, Pittsburg-Use of rolled gir.

ders in Europe-Universal rolling mill-Rolling mill of Petin, Gaudet & Co.-Beams

rolled at Trenton Iron Works-Rolled plates--Handling large masses of iron-Rolled wire

rods-Bedson's machine-Crank-shafts-Weldless bands of the Bowling and Low Moor

Works. pp. 1–6,

STEEL.

Tendency to the manufacture of large masses and difficult shapes-Krupp's exhibit and the

extent of his establishment-Krupp's breech-loading steel gun-Armstrong and Whit-

worth guns-Paliser gun-Steel gun of Petin, Gaudet & Co.-Cast-steel shot-Cast-steel

rails and locomotive tires-Iron rails with steel heads-Manufacture of steel-headed rails

at Crewe Experience with steel-headed rails in the United States and England-Remark-

able steel products of the Bochum Company-Large steel bells and locomotive cylinder-

Machine cut files in the Swiss department.-pp. 6-12.

QUALITY OF MATERIAL.

Adaptation of special qualities of iron and steel to special uses-Inferior iron known as

American rail-Rails made for European and Indian roads guaranteed for from five to

seven years-Ores in Sweden which contain phosphorous preferred for some purposes-

Willingness of the public to pay an adequate price for skill and quality-Necessity in the

United States of the enforcement of the law as to the responsibility for the use of inferior

materials where life or limb is at risk.-pp. 12-14.

PROCESSES OF MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND steel.

Processes which have not been introduced in the United States-Wrought iron and steel

direct from the ore-Exhibits of Mr. Siemen-Siemen's furnace and process for the pro-

duction of iron and steel-Westman's roasting furnace, Sweden-Erection of Westman's

furnace at Ringwood, New Jersey-Product of blast furnaces-Exhibit of iron and steel

made by Sweden-Dannemora irons-Lancashire irons-Lundin's furnace-Use of saw-

dust or peat for fuel-Value of this invention to the United States-Iron of the Cumber-

land region-Cleveland irons-Calcining kilns-Zinc in Cleveland ores-Rolling mills

and methods of handling large masses of iron-Slotting tools for rails-Siemen's gas

regenerative heating furnace-Puddle balls from the Dowlais Works-Puddling at North-

field, England, and at Le Creuzot, France-Beard's improvement-Puddled wire rods.—

pp. 14-29.

PROCESSES FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF STEEL.

Substitution of steel for iron-Good steel can only be made from good materials-Steel estab-

lishment of Thomas Firth & Sons, Sheffield-Relative value of Bessemer steel and crucible

steel-Chassepot rifles-Bessemer process- Special report by Mr. Slade-Bessemer process

will not supersede the puddling process-The Parry process an adjunct to the Bessemer

process-French processes for making steel in reverberatory furnaces-Armor plates-

Martin's patents-Kirkaldy's experiments. pp. 29-36.

WORKS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF IRON AND STEEL.

Establishment of Creuzot, France-Petin, Gaudet & Co.-Cockerill and others, in Belgium-

Krupp's Works, Prussia-Phoenix Works, Ruhost-Establishment in England and

Wales-Co-operative system-Relations of capital and labor-Credit banks.-pp. 36-42.

PRODUCTION OF IRON.

Mineral coal the controlling element in the production of iron-Statistics of the production

of pig and wrought iron-Sources of future supply-Sweden and Russia, Austria, Spain,

and Algiers-In Wales the local supply not adequate to the present production-Limita-

tion to the production of British iron-Relation of the coal measures of the United States

to the ores of iron-Extent of the iron region in the United States-Cost of producing iron

in the United States and in other countries-Average wages at Le Creuzot, in South Staf-

fordshire, England, and in Belgium-Cost of living at Le Creuzot-Intellectual and moral

condition of the workmen in France and England-Opportunities for scientific and tech-

nical instruction in France-Education of superintendents and engineers-Mining and

engineering schools-Need of similar schools of the sciences and the mechanical arts in

the United States-Condition of the working classes in Great Britain-The future policy

of Great Britain in its administration of its mines of coal and iron-Discussion of protec-

tive and restrictive legislation.-pp. 42–63.

SECTION II.

BESSEMER STEEL-REPORT BY MR. SLADE.

THE BESSEMER PROCESS IN ENGLAND.

The iron, furnaces, and fuel employed for the pneumatic process-Sulphur and phosphorus

the most injurious elements-Mixtures of iron of different brands-Cupola furnaces for

melting the iron-Material used for lining-Converters and the apparatus for working

them by hydraulic power-Size of ingots-Classification of the metal-Determination of

amount of carbon-Uses of Bessemer steel in England.—pp. 63–69.

MANUFACTURE OF STEEL RAILS.

Substitution of rolling for hammering-Usual size of rolls-Reversing rolls-Ramsbottom's

reversing mill-Siemen's furnace in steel works-Heating boilers by gas-Sawing, straight-

ening, and punching rails-Tests to ascertain the quality of rails-Steel-headed rails-

Utilization of "crop ends " and old rails.—pp. 69–73.

MANUFACTURE OF TIRES.

Ramsbottom's method-Method at Sheffield-Annular ingots-Galloway & Son's tire mill-

Bessemer tires much cheaper than those from crucible steel.-pp. 73–74.

MANUFACTURE OF BESSEMER PLATES.

Cause of the distrust of Bessemer plates-Substitution of ferro-manganese for ordinary

spiegeleisen as a deoxidizer-Tests of the strength of Bessemer plates compared with

crucible steel plates-Adaptation of Franklinite iron to the production of superior plates—

Manufacture of axles for locomotives and railway carriages-Quality of Bessemer steel in

England not equal to that in other countries using better materials. pp. 74-78.

BESSEMER STEEL IN SWEDEN.

Swedish Bessemer steel superior to English-Nature of the ores and irons used-Stationary

converter-Results of experiment by Kirkaldy-Production of Bessemer steel in Sweden.—

pp. 78-81.