sembling that of the camel. He says, 'the stomach has a portion of it, as it were, intended to resemble the reservoirs for water in the camel; but these have no depth, are only superficial cells, and have no muscular apparatus to close their mouths; and allow the solid food to pass into the fourth cavity, or truly dithat the Llama has an internal mechanism for retaining water, or secreting a liquid substance, is certain; for, on the summit of the Andes, they are far above any lakes; and it has been observed that, in a state of domestication, they never exhibit a desire to drink whilst they can obtain green pasture. 4. The Llama, according to Molina, (Storia Nat. del Chili,) has a conformation resembling the camel's hump, being provided with an excess of nutritive matter, which lies in a thick bed of fat under the skin, and is absorbed as a compensation for an occasional want of food. These remarkable similarities certainly warrant naturalists in classing the camel and the Llama in the same genus, although they differ both in size and form. They are each evidently fitted by nature for the endurance of great hardships and privations-the one amidst the sands of the desert, under a burning sun-the other on the wastes of some of the loftiest mountains of the world, with a region of perpetual snow above them. The slight variations in their conformation, such as that of the foot, are modifications of nature which fit them for their respective localities, and peculiar destinations." below. The Llama also wants the second canine tooth | in the lower jaw; but this difference is not, by some, considered such as to require a separation of the genus -for deer of various species have the same deviation from the general type. Again, the absence of the hump in the Llama species is not an anatomical difference which constitutes a character; for, as the skele-gesting stomach, without going into these cells.' But ton of the Bactrian Camel with two humps does not differ from that of the Arabian with one, so do the bones of the arrangement of the Llama agree precisely with the conformation of the camel. The zebu is an ox, although he has a hump. The ears of the Llama are longer, and the tail is shorter, than those of the camel. The similarities which determine the genus to which the camels and the Llamas belong, are principally these:-1. Each species has very remarkable peculiarities connected with the economy of their reproduction, in which they differ from all other animals. 2. The camel and the Llama differ also from every other species of the class of ruminating animals, in the want of horns, and in having two large incisive teeth on each side of the upper jaw. 3. The stomachs of the camel and the Llama are, in some degree, similarly constructed. Father Feuillee has described the stomach of the Llama; and maintains that it has not only a large reservoir for carrying water, but that, like the stomach of the Camel, it has the same machinery for allowing the separation of solid from liquid aliment. Sir Everard Home, however, describes this portion of the Llama's stomach as only partially re "Pan is called by that name, either as some tell us, the music of the pipes, which he invented, and by the because he exhilarated the minds of all the gods with harmony of the eithern, upon which he played skilfully as soon as he was born; or perhaps, because he gov- "His descent is uncertain, but the common opinion is, that he was born of Mercury and Penelope. For when Mercury fell violently in love with her, and tried in vain to move her, at last, by changing himself into a white goat, he succeeded. Pan, after he was born, was wrapt up in the skin of a hare, and carried to heaven. "He is represented as a horned half goat, that resembles a beast rather than a man, much less a god. He has a smiling, ruddy face, his nose is flat, his beard comes down to his breast, his skin is spotted, and he has the tail, legs, and feet of a goat; his head is crowned or girt about with pine, and he holds a crooked staff in one hand, and in the other a pipe of uneven reeds, with the music of which he can cheer even the gods themselves. "When the Gauls, under Brennus their leader, made an irruption into Greece, and were just about to plunder the city Delphi, Pan, so terrific in appearance, alarmed them to such a degree, that they all betook themselves to flight, though nobody pursued them. Whence we proverbially say, that men are in panic fear, when we see them affrighted without a cause. "Pan is a symbol of the world. In his upper part he resembles a man, in his lower part a beast; because the superior and celestial part of the world is beautiful, radiant, and glorious; as is the face of this god, whose horns resemble the rays of the sun, and the horns of the moon the redness of his face is like the splendor of the sky; and the spotted skin that he wears is an image of the starry firmament. In his lower parts he is shagged and deformed, which represents the shrubs and wild beasts, and the trees of the earth below; his goats' feet signify the solidity of the earth, and his pipe of seven reeds that celestial harmony which is made by the seven planets. He has a sheep-hook, crooked at the top, in his hand, which signifies the turning of the year into itself. not to Pan, but to some countrymen, who had observed, And while soft ev'ning gales blew o'er the plains, milk and honey in a shepherd's bottle. He was more called Iberia; for he lived there when he returned from "Some derive from him Hispania, Spain, formerly the Indian war, to which he went with Bacchus and the Satyrs. The cut below is a representation of a most tragic scene in the history of Pan, which we will explain. Pan and Cupid had a trial of their prowess in a wrestling match-an affair much celebrated by the poets. Pan was worsted, and thrown flat upon his back. Cupid, not content with this victory, commenced a violent assault on his antagonist, and tore out his cut before us. heart and bowels. In this act is he represented in the bow being thrown aside. The syrinx of Pan lies on We see him with his quiver only, his the ground, separated from its owner. Pan, still glorious in his fall, has his head encircled with radiant beams. Suspended in the air above the combatants, is an olive crown, destined for the conqueror; and still "The nymphs dance to the music of the pipe; which instrument Pan first invented. You will wonder when you hear the relation which the poets give to this pipe, namely, that as oft as Pan blows it, the dugs of the sheep are filled with milk: for he is the god of the shepherds and hunters, the captain of the nymphs, the president of the mountains and of a country life, and the guar-higher a brilliant star. dian of the flocks that graze upon the mountains. Pan loves the shepherds, and their flocks he feeds. "The nymph Echo fell in love with him, and brought him a daughter named Iringes, who gave Medea the medicines with which he charmed Jason. He could but please Dryope, to gain whom he laid aside his divinity, and became a shepherd. But he did not court the nymph Syrinx with so much success: for she ran away to avoid her lover; till coming to a river, (where her flight was stopped,) she prayed the Naiades, the nymphs of the waters, because she could not escape her pursuer, to change her into a bundle of reeds, just as Pan was laying hold of her, who therefore caught the reeds in his arms instead of her. The winds moving these reeds backward and forward, occasioned plaintive sounds, which Pan perceiving, cut them down, and made of them reeden pipes. He sighs; his sighs the tossing reeds return In soft small notes, like one that seem'd to mourn ; We will conclude the account of Pan by the story of him related in Higinus, (c. 196.) "The gods having made their retreat to Egypt, through fear of the fury of Typhon, Pan advised them to change themselves into beasts to elude that giant's pursuit. As an acknowledgment of his salutary counsel, they afterwards placed him among the stars; and inasmuch as he transformed himself into a goat to conceal himself from Typhon, he was called Ægoceros, that is, Capricorn." MINUTE WONDERS OF NATURE AND ART. lates that a thousand millions of animalcule, which Lewenhoeck, the great microscopic observer, calcuare discovered in common water, are not all together so large as a grain of sand. In the milt of a single codfish there are more animals than there are upon the whole earth; for a grain of sand is bigger than four millions of them. The white matter that sticks to the teeth also abounds with animalculæ of various figures, to which vinegar is fatal, and it is known that vinegar contains animalcules in the shape of eels. A mite was "But Lucretius ascribes the invention of these pipes anciently thought the limit of littleness; but we are not now surprised to be told of animals 27 millions of that, so far from being crowded or wanting room, the times smaller than a mite. Monsisa de l'Isle has pepper-corn would have held four hundred more. One given the computation of the velocity of a little crea-penny worth of crude iron can by art be manufactured ture scarce visible by its smallness, which he found to into watch-springs, so as to produce some thousand run three inches in half a second: supposing now its pounds.-London Mirror. feet to be the fifteenth part of a line, it must make 500 steps in the space of three inches, that is, it must shift CURIOUS TITLES AND QUAINTNESS. its legs 500 times in a second, or in the ordinary pulsation of an artery. See Hist. Acad. 1711, page 23. and Cromwell. We select the following as samples. These titles were common in the time of Charles I. The itch is known to be a disorder arising from the irritation of a species of animalculæ found in the In 1626 a pamphlet was published in London entipustules of that aliment; it is a very minute animal, in shape tled, "A most delectable, sweet perfumed nosegay, for God's Saints to smell at." About the year 1646, there resembling a tortoise, of a whitish colour, but darker on the back than elsewhere, with some long and thick hairs blow off the dust cast upon John Fry;" and another was published a work entitled, "A pair of bellows, to issuing from it, very nimble in its motion, having six called, "The Snuffers of Divine Love." Cromwell's legs, a sharp head, and two little horns. The proboscis time was particularly famous for title pages. The auof a butterfly, which winds round in a spiral form, like thor of a book on charity entitles his book, "Hooks the spring of a watch, serves both for mouth and tongue, and Eyes for Believers' Breeches ;" and another, who by entering into the hollows of flowers, and extracting their dews and juices. The seeds of strawberries rise professed a wish to exalt poor human nature, calls his out of the pulp of the fruit, and appear themselves like labours, "High heeled shoes for Dwarfs in Holiness;" strawberries when viewed by the microscope. The the Covenant." A Quaker, whose outward man the and another, "Crumbs of Comfort for the Chickens of farina of the sun-flower seems composed of flat, circular, minute bodies, sharp-pointed round the edges; the mid- Powers thought proper to imprison, published, "A Sigh of Sorrow for the sinners of Zion, breathed out of a dle of them appears transparent, and exhibits some re- hole in the Wall of an Earthen Vessel, known among semblance to the flower it proceeds from. The pow- men by the name of Samuel Fish." About the same der of the tulip is exactly shaped like the seeds of cucumbers and melons. The farina of the poppy appears Pot, to make the soul sneeze with Devotion." Salvatime there was also published, "The spiritual Mustard like pearl-barley. That of the lily is a great deal like tion's Vantage Ground! of a Louping Stand for Heathe tulip. The hairs of men are long tubular fibres venly Believers ;" another, "A Shot aimed at the through which the blood circulates. The sting of a Devil's Head Quarters, through the Tube of the Canbee is a horny sheath or scabbard, that includes two non of the Covenant." This is an author who speaks bearded darts: the sting of a wasp has eight beards on the side of each dart, somewhat like the beards of fish-plain language, which the most illiterate reprobate cannot fail to understand. Another, "A Reaping Hook hooks. The eyes of gnats are pearled, or composed of well tempered for the stubborn Ears of the coming many rows of little semi-circular protuberances ranged with the utmost exactness. The wandering or hunt Crop, or Biscuits baked in the oven of Charity, careing spider, who spins no web, has two tufts of feathers fully conserved for the Chickens of the Church, the fixed to its fore paws of exquisite beauty and colouring; Salvation." To another we have the following co Sparrows of the Spirit, and the Sweet Swallows of A grain of sand will cover 200 scales of the skin, and pious description,-"Seven Sobs of a Sorrowful Soul also cover 20,000 places where perspiration may issue for Sin, or the Seven Penitential Psalms of the Princeforth. Mr. Baker has justly observed with respect to ly Prophet David, whereunto are also annexed Wilthe Deity, that with Him "an atom is a world, and a liam Humuis's handful of Honey-suckles, and divers world but as an atom." THE EMPIRE STATE. Mr. Power says he saw a golden chain at Tredes-Godly and pithy Ditties now newly augmented." cant's Museum, South Lambeth, of three hundred links, not more than an inch in length, fastened to and pulled away by a flea. And I myself, (says Baker, in his Essay on the Microscope,) have seen very lately, near Durham-yard, in the Strand, and have examined with my microscope, a chaise (made by one Mr. Boverick, a watch-maker) having four wheels, with all the proper apparatus belonging to them, turning readily on their axles: together with a man sitting in the chaise; all formed of ivory, and drawn along by a flea without any seeming difficulty. I weighed it with the greatest care I was able, and found the chaise, man, and flea were barely equal to a single grain. I weighed also, at the same time and place, a brass chain made by the same hand, about two inches long, containing two hundred links, with a hook at one end, and a padlock and key at the other, and found it less than the third part of a grain. I likewise have seen a quadrille table, with a drawer in it, an eating table, a sideboard table, a looking-glass, twelve chairs with skeleton backs, two dozen plates, six dishes, a dozen knives, and as many forks, twelve spoons, two salts, a frame and castors, together with a gentleman, lady, and footman, all contained in a cherry stone, and not filling much more than half of it." At the present day are to be purchased cherry stones highly polished, with ivory screws, which contain each 120 perfect silver spoons, an ingenious bauble worthy the patronage of the juvenile part of the community. We are told that one Oswald Merlinger made a cup of a pepper-corn, which held twelve hundred other little cups, all turned in ivory, each of them being gilt on the edges, and standing upon a foot; and There is more meaning than at first meets the eye in this expression of "Empire State," though it is sometimes used ironically. The resources of this great State are indeed immense, and it requires nothing more than a cursory examination of the picture of her actual condition, to be convinced at once that her gigantic march in the prosperous career she has begun, must at no distant period, give her a controlling power over the destinies of this Union, the magnitude and consequences of which but few appreciate. 1. The surface of the State of New York is larger than England, and when its fertility and mineral and other resources and advantages are considered, is nearly double any of the other largest Sates in the confederacy, covering a space of 45,658 square miles. It is the only State whose territory stretches from the borders of the Atlantic Ocean to the great inland seas, thus forming, by her extensive internavigable communications between those waters, a direct channel into the very heart of the North American continent, and a natural outlet for the greater portion of the immense resources of the Union. 2. Her population is over two millions of souls, of whom more than half a million between the ages of 5 and 15 are constantly receiving the benefits of our admirable system of primary education, to say nothing of the half million of dollars fund annually devoted to that purpose, besides seven richly endowed colleges and universities, for the higher branches of instruction. 3. There are 56 counties, 783 towns and cities-128 The product of the gold mines of North Carolina, it is said, amount to one million of dollars annually: and one half of the gold coined in the United States is from the mines in that dis trict. members of the State Legislature, and 40 representatives in Congress, being precisely one sixth of the whole number of representatives in that body-the State of New-York, in her federative capacity, being A law of Ohio makes it sufficient cause for divorce, if either thus equal to any six states of the confederacy, suppos-party can prove that the other has been an habitual drunkard ing the number of representatives to be equally appor- for two years. tioned; and equal to eleven of the states as it now stands-i e. she in herself has political or sovereign power equivalent to nearly one half of the states of the entire Union! 4. She has 600 miles of canal navigation !—the great key and explanation of all her wealth and power. 5. Assessed real and personal estate, total value near 416 millions of dollars! of which, near 26 millions are in domestic manufactories. 6. Military force near 200,000 men ; of which, 14,000 are artillery, and 9,000 cavalry; 340 pieces of ordnance; 70,000 small arms; 10 arsenals; 2 magazines; and extensive fortifications. 7. The naval capabilities of the state may be estimated from the fact, that 1500 square rigged vessels, besides 400 smaller craft, entered the port of New York during the year 1833. Add to this that one fourth, if not one third of the entire revenue of the Union is collected at this western London. When we look upon this graphic outline, in which we may clearly trace out what will be the future dimensions and proportions of the infant Hercules-when we reflect upon our vast territory, capable of accommodating, conveniently, 15,000,000 of souls-our actual relative power and commanding position in the confederacy-our extensive materiel for military and naval armaments; our exhaustless wealth, and the enthusiastic pride and spirit of lofty enterprise which pervade every fibre of our industrious community-proud as we ourselves feel of this great state, we tremble at the thought that such an engine of fiscal, military, and political magnitude may, perhaps, be destined to fall into the hereditary possession of some daring demagogue or warlike chieftain, who, while he enlarges this central empire, will, as Rome did, reduce all the other states to the subordinate, servile condition of petty provinces. Evening Star. ITEMS OF INTELLIGENCE. It is said that the celebrated Chinese wall was erected 213 years before the birth of Christ. It is 714 German miles long, 14 feet thick, and 26 feet high; so that with the same materials a wall 1 foot thickness, and 23 in height, might be carried twice round the world. It is a singular fact, says a French paper, that a Turk cannot have a tooth drawn without previously obtaining permission of the local authority. Governeur Morris, then resident at Paris, notes the death of Mirabeau in his Diary on the 1st April, 1791, and observes on the 4th that his funeral was attended by more than 100,000 per sons! A horse has a very sweet tooth-when he is unwell and wont drink, mix molasses or coarse brown sugar in the water: he will then drink freely. Lord Bexley has been elected successor of Lord Teignmouth, as President of the British and Foreign Bible Society. The widow of the celebrated circumnavigator, Capt. Cook, is still living at Chapman, England, at the age of about 100. Bernadotte of Sweden has become an advocate of temperance. He has sent a message, with proposals to check the immoderate use of brandy. He intends to limit the working of the distilleries to six months in the year. By the recent Report of the American Temperance Society, it appears that there are now in this country 7,000 temperance societies, containing 1,200,000 members; 9,000 merchants have given up the sale of ardent spirits, and 3,000 distillers have ceased to make it; 7,000 drunkards have been reclaimed. There are 100,000 members of temperance societies in Great Britain and Ireland; and the cause is making progress in Sweden, Russia, Madras in India, New Holland, and South Africa. The Government of Vera Cruz has passed a decree abolishing convents and confiscating all the property to the service of the state. The edifices are to be converted into hospitals, and seminaries of learning. POETRY. THE MUSING BOY.-N. P. WILLIS, There's something in a noble boy, A brave, free-hearted, careless one, With his unchecked, unbidden joy, His dread of books and love of fun, And unrepressed by sadness- And felt its very gladness. And yet it is not in his play, When every trace of thought is lost, For, like the wrinkles on my brow, And like a long-forgotten book, Things that came o'er me with a thrill, A holier and a gentler cast, "Tis strange how thought upon a child And life itself is in excess- A feeling whose mysterious thrall INFINITY. A term applied to the vast and the minute, to disnumbers of measures, or too small to be expressed by tances and spaces too great to be expressed in any any fraction; and one of the incomprehensible, but necessarily existing wonders of the universe; for we can imagine no space, however distant, which there must not be space beyond, nor any atom, however small, which has not an upper and under side. But being located in a definite portion of space, we are more interested, affected, and wrought upon, by the infinitely little through which Providence works upwards, as it were, than by the infinitely great, for the perfect conception of which we are ourselves too small. Such considerations serve more than any others to exalt our conceptions of the Creator of the universe. :、, SECTION X. HISTORY. PERIOD FIFTH-From the calling of Abraham, to the departure of the Israelites from Egypt, being 430 years. CHINA. The second dynasty of the Chinese Emperors is `said to have commenced A. M. 2238, and to have continued 656 years. It numbered 30 monarchs. We left these two monarchies united under the government of Ninyas. After him occurs a chasm in their history for the space of 800 years. We find this circumstance accounted for by Berosus as follows :→ The founder of this dynasty was CHING-TANG, an "Nabonasar collected all the mementos of the kings individual possessed of eminent qualities. So great prior to himself, and destroyed them, that the cumerwas his modesty, that he was the only one in the em- ation of the Chaldean kings might commence with pire who thought he was unfit for so important a trust. him."-Syncel. Chron. 207. Megasthenes has the To such an extreme did his diffidence extend, that he following:-"It is said that from the beginning all was frequently on the point of resigning his crown; things were water, called the sea (Thaletth?) that from which, however, he was prevented by his nobles. Belus caused this state of things to cease, and apVerily, this monarch must have been one of ten thou-pointed to each its proper place, and surrounded Babysand. History furnishes few cases indeed of extra lon with a wall: but in process of time this wall dismodesty, on the score of thrones, and crowns, and appeared: and Nabuchodonosor walled it in again," sceptres. Far better had it been for mankind, had &c.-Euseb. Præp. Evan. lib. 10.-Euseb. Chron. 19. there been many CHING-TANGS, instead of the very few Thus it appears from all the circumstances of the case, that there is no history extant of the Chaldean or Assyrian empire for a long period after Niny as. that have been. TAYVRE, one of the emperors of this dynasty, being once terrified by a prodigy, which he supposed to foretoken a revolution, received a most impressive and salutary lesson from his minister. "Virtue," said this faithful public servant of his Majesty, "has the power of triumphing over presages. If you govern your subjects with equity, you will be beyond the reach of misfortune." "There is, however, a dynasty of Chaldæan kings, handed down as some suppose by Berosus, of which the following is a list of the names. Evechous 6 Years. 7 Years, 35 Years. 43 Years. 45 Years. 40 Years. 45 Years.. VUTHING, another prince of this dynasty, having for three years invoked heaven to endow him with the virtues requisite to his station, is said to have seen, in a dream, a man destined to be his prime minister, "These Mr. Faber conjectures to have been the imwhose features he retained in recollection when awake. mediate descendants and successors of Nimrod in He then caused a search to be made for him. He was Nineveh, the new seat of his empire after the catastroat length found at work in a village, in the capacity of phe at Babylon; and that the long continuation of Asan obscure mason, and was brought to court. His re-syrian monarchs are the descendants of the same paplies to various questions on points of government were such as to astonish the auditors, on account of the wisdom with which they were characterized. The Emperor, addressing him in a very appropriate manner, immediately appointed him his prime minister, and received from him the most efficient aid in the administration of his government. We would have our readers bear it continually in mind, that much of the history of the early times which we are now considering is to be received with caution; and more particularly Chinese history. China has been but little known to the rest of the world from time immemorial. Her only mode of recording > events at all has been by hieroglyphics. Her most ancient books were not explained till 1700 years after they were written. The Chinese themselves confess that their antiquities are in a great measure fabulous. Their numbers are sometimes mistaken, and months are put for years. In addition to this, about 200 years before Christ, XI HOAM TI, one of the Chinese Emperors, ordered all the monuments of antiquity, relating either to history or philosophy, to be destroyed, and put many of the learned Chinese to death; so that but few ancient fragments of Chinese history have survived; and even these, it seems, are blended with fable. The reader will therefore understand in what light he is to regard the details of early Chinese hisVOL. II. 10 cab alâ quae aud |