only argument that can be advanced by the Lord Balti This order being full and decisive, the Lord Baltimore seemed at that time to be concluded by it without any further objection. He therefore, (as has been said) withdrew his men from the Fort he had built some miles from Newcastle. The inhabitants of all those parts held their lands quietly and unmolested by him and the King besides his Deeds of ffeofment given when Duke of York having as far as lay on his part granted a new patent(though having passed all the other offices it was delayed at the Great Seal) with ample power ofGovernment to the proprietor William Penn for the whole, the title to the soil (at least) of these counties remained undisputed till after three and twenty years the same Lord Baltimore (from what instigation we know not) thought fit in the year 1708 to petition the late Queen for a re-hearing of that cause upon which the matter being largely discoursed at the Council Board the motion was entirely rejected, and the LordBaltimore left as before to be determined by the former order from whence one would think in justice there should now be no appeal as he presumed there can be no line now made in law, because of the antiquity of the possession, for first these lands have continued a distinct colony as they are called in the order for near a hundred years, 'tis about fifty years since they came under the Duke of York's Government, and about thirty-three years they have been under that of William Penn. The much greater part of the whole tract is seated upon titles derives from the several Governments they have respectively been under, the validity of which is the only security the people have for their estates and improvements. After all, which, so manifestly contrary to right, to endeavour a subversion of all these titles and the long possession, had thereupon, carries so evident an injustice with it that it cannot be apprehended any Government whatsoever could countenance the attempt, much less that of Great Britain which is happy above all others in the tender regard always shown to the right of the subject. IN SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES. Mr. MARKS, from the Committee on Agriculture, made The Committee on Agriculture to whom was referred the *memorial of a number of Farmers and Graziers of Phil adelphia, and some adjoining Counties, in Pennsylva nia, report: That the memorialists represent, that the agricul tural interest of the United States has not received, from the General Government, the protection which has been extended to other branches of national industry; and that additional duties on agricultural productions, imported from abroad, would, by excluding foreign com petition, secure to the cultivator of the soil a just reward for his enterprise and labour. If the allegation of the memorial is founded in fact, that the agricultural interests has not been fostered in an equal degree with any other whether navigating, commercial or manufacturing, it must be admitted there from, in the opinion of your committee, that a fatal er ror has prevailed, and that an effectual correctivė should be speedily applied. A flourishing agriculture has ever been considered by the wisest statesmen as the indispensable basis of national greatness. By furnishing abundance it becomes the perennial source of population, wealth, and power Population must necessarily be proportional to the means of subsistence. The wealth of a community is but the sum of the disposable products of the soil, and of the avails of that industry which these products may put in motion; and power is the joint result of wealth and population. These principles have been the guides of the enlightened legislator both of ancient and modern times. Rome, who acquired a pre-eminence over other nations by the wisdom of her laws, never ceased to foster her agricultural industry. We know that the period of her liberty and greatness was also the period when agriculture ranked among the most honorable arts-when her soldiers returned from successful cam paigns to cultivate the earth they had reluctantly aban doned-when her Consuls were taken from the plough; and the highest efforts of genius were employed in giving dignity to the labours of the field, and embody ing those lessons, which have been the instruction of succeeding ages. Against all that has been advanced, the Lord Baltimore can have nothing to alledge but that these lands lie within the description in his grant and therefore by the law he ought to have them. But it has been shown that though they fall within that description, yet they are not in reality within the grant it self. Were it even otherwise, it would be no new or strange thing in America in such a case to be disappointed; grants in these parts differ,widely from those in Great Britian. There, lands granted are of a real value at the time, but in A merica 'tis little more than a license to transport a colony and to erect a Government with all necessary pow. ers within such limits exclusive of other subjects. The land itself is the natives and either always is or ought to be purchased of them, which is constantly observed in Pennsylvania and some adjacent colonies, in such case as far as the grantees from the Crown pursue the design of the grant and extend their settlements; these estates will doubtless by such a possession and improvement be as unquestionable in lands as those in Europe, but upon failure hereof there has been but little regard Nor is agriculture less an object of regard among the shown by the crown to former grants most of the colo- most enlightened of modern nations. France, enjoying nies of those parts being incroachments (if they may be a temperate climate and a fruitful soil, has bestowed on so called) one upon another. The province of Mary-agriculture her liveliest care; and the wealth, power, land it self, as well as many others lies all within the bounds of the first grants for Virginia, New England, extended to the 40th degree as 'tis called and was so understood at the time of the grant for Maryland as appears by express words in their patent, yet there have been divers other grants made from the crown within these bounds, which to the south-west include no less than all Connecticut, New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. It should therefore seem that Maryland can have now no better right to the lands here discoursed of viz: The lower counties on Delaware than the Government of New England had to those other provinces of New York &c. to which, notwithstanding, they have been more modest than to pretend, so that even that and happiness, which have made her an object of envy, of dread, and admiration, are mainly attributed to the provident forecast and successful industry with which she has received and cultivated the native productions of other climes. The vines indigenous to France were not superior to those of the American forest. The tender and exquisite varieties of Asia, passing to Italy, were gradually extended to the Southern Provinces. the state, were adopted into France at a more recent The olive and the fig, now contributing to the riches of period. But, perhaps the annals of the world can fur nish no enterprise in rural economy, devised by the genius of a single man, more important in its results [* See page 218.] 1830.] REPORT ON AGRICULTURE. than the first plantation of the mulberry, formed in the royal garden of the Tuilleries, at the commencement of the 17th century, by the command of Henry IV. From this great nursery the mulberry was quickly propagated over the entire kingdom; ample subsistence was provided for the silk-worm; edifices were erected for their propagation; persons competent to instruct his subjects in the art of rearing worms and manufacturing the material which they furnished, were sought for and employed; success crowned his efforts; established habits were overcome; prejudice yielded to the force of demonstration; national industry was directed into a new and profitable channel; millions, which before were sent abroad, were retained at home; and a rich material was provided for the manufacturers of France, not liable to the contingencies of foreign wars, and which could not be cut off by foreign rivalry. The value of the mulberry, thus wisely introduced, may be inferred from the statements of a writer, of established credit, who estimates the raw silk, annually raised in France, at upwards of four millions of dollars, and the value of the manufactures which it produces, at more than treble that amount. The example of the great Henry has not been lost to his successors; agricultural societies have been formed and supported by Governments; through their influence rewards are offered for improvements; valuable information is collected and dispensed; the advances of one department, impelled by science, or sug gested by experience, are communicated to another; works of established celebrity have been published by the direction and at the expense of Government; and the contributions of genius and science have been called into requisition, for the purpose of giving to agricultural labors a skilful and profitable direction. Nor is Great Britain behind her powerful rival in her solicitude to foster her agricultural industry. By her bounty on wheat and barley exported, she has encouraged production. Her duties on these articles, when imported, amount to a prohibition, except in years when prices rise to the standard which indicates scarcity or famine. Although more dependent than France on commerce and manufactures, and limited in the products of the soil by her insular position, her attention has never been diverted from the primary objects of her legislation-the monopoly of supply to her own agriculturists; and she therefore excludes the products even of her dependencies from rival competition. The Government of Russia is also vigilantly employed in drawing forth the agricultural riches of her vast dominions; and although less is known of the internal economy of this vast empire, it is apparent, from the amount of valuable staples she exports, that her enterprise and industry are skilfully exerted. While the nations of Europe are engaged in protecting their domestic industry, increasing the products of the soil, and affording the means of cheap subsistence, or of an extended commerce, the statesmen of our land cannot be indifferent to the interests of those who constitute a great major ity of the community, and to whose successful ef forts our country is mainly indebted, under a beneficent Providence, for her unprecedented growth and unrivalled prosperity. If it be true that the physical characteristics of a country, the spirit of the people, and the peculiar circumstances in which they are placed, should be consulted by the Government that wishes to give encouragement or direction to national industry, it must be obvious to the most cursory observer, that, in the United States, agriculture must long remain the predominating interest; and that no country, of which history furnishes a memorial, has presented a more noble theatre for her highest efforts. In no part of our republic is the landlord borne down with feudal tenures, vexatious tithes, oppressive taxes, or exhausting poor rates. Man every where walks forth in almost native indepen dence, and is encouraged to exert his utmost energies while his land is free from burdensome impositions; his acquisitions are protected by equitable laws, and in his 411 person, he does not feel the restraints of Government. The fertility and cheapness of the land invite the hand of industry; navigable rivers, penetrating far into the interior, aided by canals and artificial roads, formed and forming by the enterprise of the people, present facilities, never surpassed for bearing the production of the soil to distant markets; the arieties of soil and climate to be found upon her ample surface not only favor the cultivation of native products, but encourage the adoption of esteemed exotics. The American cotton has long maintained an uncontested superiority in foreign markets. The sugar of Louisiana and Florida, superior to those of even tropical climes, will soon be equal to our entire consumption, and the day cannot be distant when the vine, the olive, and the mulberry, will reward the labors of the American husbandmen, and swell the amount of American exports. While these physical characteristics invite the successful prosecution of agriculture, the spirit of the American people equally prompts to rural pursuits. It is in these that they can train up a vigorous offspring; and in these that they can cherish their love of liberty; it is in these, too, do they find full scope for mental and corporeal energy. With such considerations before him, no American statesman can, for a moment, hesitate in giving to the cultivators of the soil all the encouragement and protection that laws can impart. forth in the memorial, that a just degree of protection What then is the foundation of the supposition set has been withheld from agricultural pursuits? And what are the means within the reach of the general government, by which the interest of agriculture can be best promoted? It is true, as represented, that some articles, which are raised in abundance in our country,have been imported from abroad. A portion of these, however, may have been imported with a view of exportation, and not being consumed within the United States, cannot be liable to the objection which has been made against them. The following statement, taken from the latest official returns of the commerce of the U. States, comprehending most of the articles referred to by the memorialists, will exhibit the imports and exports of foreign products for one year, and show the extent of the injury of which the memorialists complain. Imports of certain articles, the growth or produce of Foreign Countries, for the year 1828. ARTICLE. Hemp,. VALUE. $1,675,243 48,609 ..163,530 Wines,... .1,507,533 Cheese... Tallow. Potatoes, Vinegar,. ..6,878 ⚫25,893 .68 1,192 ..274,099 Hides and Skins, raw. Of these articles, some, like the hemp from Russia, may possibly be regarded as of indispensable necessity; and if any duty can prevent its importation, the one now imposed will effect that object; others, like bristles, bides, and skins, may not be supplied in sufficient abundance from our own resources, or may be deemed essential to our infant manufactures. Others, like beef, pork, butter, wheat and oats, are either not imported in sufficient quantities to require legislative prohibition, or do not yet enter materially into the consumption of the country. Still, however, there are a few, such as wines, silks, spirits, beer and ale, the importation of which, drawing from the country a great annual expenditure, might, perhaps, be discouraged by additional duties, or more effectually prevented by the awakened enterprise of our citizens. The memorialists have referred to the duties on the importation of foreign agricultural implements, which have been imposed for the purpose of encouraging our own manufactures. But while they admit that the price of the implements has not been thereby advanced; that, on the other hand, their manufactory has been brought, by the protection afforded, to a high state of perfection, they in effect concede that the agricultural interest has received no injury from these protecting duties. berry now yields. The same author presents the fol lowing exhibit of what France has effected within a lit tle more than two centuries. SILK. Average product of cocoons 5,137,609 kilogrammes. 3 Which estimated at 3 francs per While then your committee can perceive so little in the general provisions of our laws of which the memori alists can justly complain, an important inquiry remains to be considered. What are the means, within the legitimate sphere of the General Government, by which the agricultural interest can be best promoted? Among the means for the encouragement of agricultural industry, few can be considered more advantageous than the introduction of staples best adapted to the soil, and yielding the greatest returns for capital and labor. The selection of those staples may, in general, be left to the prudence and enterprise of the cultivator of the soil. Self interest, if not the strongest, is the most universal principle of action, and this principle will ultimately lead to the cultivation of those agricultural products which shall most contribute to the prosperity of individ uals, and the welfare of a State. Still, however, an enlightened government, surveying the wants and resources of a whole community, may co-operate beneficially with individual enterprize, and thus facilitate the march of agricultural improvements. In directing their attention to those productions, the cultivation of which might be advantageously encouraged by the Government of the Union, as well as by the authorities of the States, none, in the opinion of your committee, can claim pre. eminence over the vine and mulberry. No one can advert to the variety of soil and climate to be found within the United States, or to the success which has already attended the cultivation of our native grapes, without being convinced that time, experience, and enterprize, are alone wanting to introduce the extensive and profit. able cultivation of this valuable plant. Its immense pro ted at 23,560,000 francs. The raw silk, then, raised in France, an- The same quantity, nearly, is imported, duct, wherever successfully cultivated, may be seen by When manufactured it produces Gives the Agriculturist And yields the manufacturer $4,000,000 4,000,000 $8,000,000 $25,500,000 If, in addition to the mulberry and the vine, the olive should also be added to the products of our country; and if to these we also add the value of the sugar, which may be raised within the sugar district of Louisianadestined to yield, if the estimate of a judicious writer can be relied on, not less than one hundred and thirty millions of dollars annually-some idea may be formed of the immense resources which already invite the en terprize of individuals, and deserve the protection of an enlightened Government. Next in importance to the cultivation of profitable staples is the encouragement to be extended to agricul tural industry. It is an admitted principle in political economy, that a flourishing agriculture depends not so much on either the fertility of the soil, or the numbers engaged in the business of production, as upon an adequate and certain demand for the superabundant products of the earth. Prices are regulated by demand; and in the proportion that these prices present inducements for the exertions of industry and investment of capital, will agriculture prosper or decline. To afford then a certain and ade quate demand for the remaining products of the soil, after supplying the wants of those engaged in the cultiva tion of the earth, becomes a leading object of every wise Government. Whence, then, this demand, upon which agriculture depends? It is created by the necessities of industrious consumers, inhabiting villages and cities, and must be found either in our own, or a foreign land. If it arises abroad, it is necessarily contingent and precarious; subject to the caprice or policy of those who wield the powers of a rival State. If it arises from consumption at home, it becomes more regular and certain. It is then free from the control of a foreign Govern ment, and can be only greatly effected by the irregularity of the seasons. Hitherto the demand for the surplus products of American agriculture has principally arisen from abroad; and hitherto, therefore, it has fluctuated with capricious regulations and uncertain events. At one time, a nation threatened with scarcity, or appalled by famine, opene are closed her ports to American industry; at another, a favourable with inflexible pertinacity. At one time, a European population withdrawn from the peacful labours of the welcome the approach of American supplies. At anoth field, and arrayed against each other in opposing armies, er, the return of peace restores the husbandman to his The committee have before alluded to the advanta- neglected farm; the fountains of domestic supply stry ges which might result from the cultivation of the mul- once more opened; the protection of domestic industry ing ourselves of the riches which the indigenous nul-debar the entrance of American products. Exposed to berry, or, perhaps, to speak more properly, from avail- becomes the policy of the State, and prohibitory duties 000,000; and of this product $9,000,000 are exported in The average annual product from the vine is $122, to foreign countries. 1830.] METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER. these vicissitudes, the American agriculturist tills the earth in fearful uncertainty. He knows not by what standard to proportion efforts. At one time his profits are immense, and the influx of riches tempts him to indulge in extravagant expenditure: at another the whole returns from his estate scarcely repay the labor of cultivation. In one year, foreign demand and enhanced prices induce him to retain upon his hands barely sufficient for a scanty maintenance. In another, having enlarged his fields, expended his capital, and put forth efforts excited by success, the demand has ceased; the streams of commerce are arrested by arbitrary decrees, or capricious legislation, and he beholds his abundant harvest perishing on his hands. While the wars prevailed in Europe, the demand for agricultural products was more regular and certain; and the profits derived from agricultural industry quickened it into a rapid, and, perhaps, into an unnaturally expanded growth. But the restoration of peace has lessened the demand from abroad. The supply has exceeded the wants of the consumers. The consequence has been, that the hand of agricultural industry has relaxed; cultivated fields are turned into pasture; landed estates have greatly fallen; and the enterprising husbandman is seen, every where, directing his attention to other pursuits for the profitable investment of acquired capital. And If, then, it is desired to give impulse to American industry, it becomes an indispensable duty to create at home a body of profitable consumers. Instead of relying upon the workshop of Europe we should exert the means which we posses to plant them here. Instead of swelling the number of foreign manufactures, whose government will not permit them to derive subsistance from us except in years of scarcity and famine, we should bend every effort to increase our own. when the villages and cities of our land, drawing from the country its superfluous population, shall be filled with industrious artizans and intelligent manufacturers-who, beside, relieving us from dependence upon foreign countries, shall consume the products of our soil, and add, by their industry, to the riches of the State-then, and not before, will American agriculture be raised from its present state of languor and depression. The combined operations of agriculture and manufactures will furnish the materials for an extended and profitable commerce; the energies of an intelligent and free population will be called into action by the strongest stimulus; and then will it be found that the prosperity of the farmer is inseparably connected with the prosperity of the country. Your committee have dwelt the longer upon the benefits which agriculture will derive from affording protection to our manufacturing industry, thereby creating in our own land a body of industrious consumers, in consequence of the earnestness with which this policy has been frequently assailed, and their firm conviction that it is closely interwoven with the permanent welfare of the country. Connected with the great object of providing an adequate and constant demand for agricultural products is the adoption of a system of internal improvements, by which these products can be conveyed to market at the least expense. Roads and canals are important to all classes of society, but more especially to the farmer: for in proportion as they diminish the expense of transporting his products, they enhance his profits, and enable him whem commerce is unrestricted, to compete successfully with foreign producers in foreign markets. Experience teaches that in all countries roads and canals have either been encouraged by the enterprize, effected by the wealth, of cities; and hence, while the enriching streams of commerce and manufacturing industry are ultimately spread over the whole surface of the country, it becomes the interest 'of agriculture to feed the fountains from whence they are supplied. If American agriculture is destined to advance, it 413 must be based upon a judicious system which shall connect the interests of husbandry, navigation, commerce and manufactures; sectional jealousies must give way to, liberal views. Unjust and partial measures, which would elevate one interest by the depression of another,should be carefully avoided; and all must unite in promoting the prosperity of the whole by affording profitable employment for the industry of the nation. Your committee are of opinion that frequent alterations in our impost duties would be a very unwise policy to be adopted by the National Legislature. The tariff of 1828 has scarcely had its trial on the national prosperity. Your committee are sanguine in the belief that it will be found to be beneficial, and, therefore, believe it would be unwise at this time to recommend any alteration of its provisions. They therefore offer the following resolution: That the committee be discharged from the further consideration of the subject. EXPENDITURES OF THE JUDICIARY DEPARTMENT OF THE GOVERNMENT OF PENNSYLVANIA, FROM 1791 TO 1829, (INCLUSIVE.) Compiled from the Auditor General's Reports. HIGH TOTAL COURTS OF COMMON PLEAS. PRESID'NTS RECORDERS) OF OF COURT Presidents. ses. Associate Judges. Circuit ex-1 penses. Total. DISTRICT COURTS. MAYOR'S OF ERRORS COURTS. & APPEALS. JUDICIARY. EXPENSES OF THE 1791 4737 76 442 39 611 10 5,791 25 1792 2051 12 4805 19 1308 00 836 75 9,001 06 1793 2666 64 4800 00 1224 00 666 64 9,357 28 6,599 95 7,015 71 196 00 13,811 66 1794 2666 64 4791 11 1116 00 666 64 9,240 39 6,788 82 12,739 03 23,168 94 120 00 19,647 85 114 00 1795 1,2666 64 4800 00 1388 00 666 64 9,521 28 29,002 24 6,599 95 13,043 98 19,643 93 1796 2666 65 5390 00 1140 00 666 66 9,863 31 8,367 12 29,165 21 11,343 26 19,710 38 144 00 29,717 69 1797 2666 64 6000 00 1408 00 666 64 10,741 28 58,377 77 13,836 89 22,214 66 172 95 1798 2666 64 6000 00 1668 00 666 64 11,001 28 8,400 00 33,128 89 13,798 10 105 80 22,303 90 12 00 1799 2666 64 6000 00 1516 00 666 64 10,849 28 8,400 00 33,317 18 14,037 54 1800 2666 64 5994 62 1576 00 593 41 10,831 67 22,437 54 224 40 33,511 22 8,400 00 13,768 54 22,168 54 286 40 1801 2666 64 33,286 61 5000 00 1120 00 666 64 9,453 28 7,200 00 13,945 15 21,145 15 141 00 30,739 43 1802 2666 64 7000 00 2092 00 666 64 12,425 28 27,200 00 16,329 57 23,529 57 586 40 1803 2666 64 6000 00 2624 00 666 64 11,957 28 8,986 65 36,541 25 15,643 27 24,629 92 269 60 1804 2666 64 36,856 80 6000 00 2412 00 666 64 11,745 28 10,573 33 15,379 64 25,952 97 513 00 38,208 25 1805 2666 64 6000 00 1856 00 666 64 11,189 28 8,966 67 15,977 58 24,944 25 142 00 1806-2222 21 6000 00 2266 00 66666 11,154 87 15,133 30 36,275 53 15,794 88 30,928 18 69 00 1807 2666 64 6000 00 2212 00 666 64 11,545 28 42,152 05 16,533 33 15,224 68 31,758 01 748 80 1808 2666 64 6000 00 44,052 09 2828 00 666 64 12,161 28 16,000 00 16,672 09 32,672 09 399 80 1809 2666 64 45000 00 45,233 17 1984 00 666 64 10,317 28 16,777 78 15,424 83 32,202 61 1810 42,519 89 2666 64 4000 00 1956 00 666 65 9,289 29 15,600 00 13,858 10 28,858 10 1811 38,747 39 2666 64 4000 00 2000 00 653 67 9,320 31 17,625 17 13,455 26 31,080 43 1812 40,400 74 2666 64 4000 00 1964 00 659 22 9,289 86 18,400 00 13,231 39 31,631 39 1813 40,921 25 2666 64 4000 00 2272 00 666 64 9,605 28 19,946 66 14,493 64 34,440 30 1814 2666 64 44,045 58 4000 00 2040 00 666 64 9,373 28 20,135 30 15,051 62 35,186 92 44,560 20 1815 2666 64 $500 00 1972 00 666 64 8,805 28 22,740 06 16,248 78 38,988 84 47,794 12 1816 2666 64 4488 89 2396 00 666 64 10,218 17 24,020 81 17,483 98 41,504 79 51,722 96 1817 2666 64 3999 96 1940 00 666 64 9,273 24 25,644 73 17,829 13 43,473 86 52,747 10 1818 2666 64 4000 00 2212 00 666 64 9,545 28 24,202 95 17,713 36 41,916 31 51,461 59 1819 2666 64 4000 00 1264 00 666 64 8,597 28 31,198 50 17,456 53 48,655 03 57,252 31 1820 2666 64 4000 00 1584 00 666 64 8,917 28 29,046 11 16,672 35 45,718 46 54,635 74 1821 2666 64 4000 00 1936 00 146 27 8,748 91 23,852 97 15,460 50 39,313 47 6500 50 2100 00 56,662 88 1822 2666 64 ¡ 4000 00 2016 00 8,682 64 25,202 70 15,465 88 40,668 58 8100 00 2100 00 59,551 22 1823 2666 64 4000 00 1868 00 8,534 64 26,846 20 18,865 94 45,712 14 7358 91 2100 00 63.705 69 1824 2666 64 4000 00 1356 00 926 14 8,948 78 27,147 51 15,744 35 42,891 86 7614 88 2048 00 61,503 52 1825 2666 64 4000 00 2808 00 300 00 9,774 64 27,031 67 17,088 63 44,120 30 6654 00 2100 00 62,648 94 1826 -2666 64 5305 32 2812 50 300 00 11,584 46 28,072 68 15,590 10 43,662 78 7974 37 2100 00 65,321 61 1827 2314 13 8033 27 3504 00 300 00 14,151 40 27,424 92 16,255 88 43,680 00 10125 00 2100 00 70,057 20 1828 2878 51 7757 53 5500 00 530 00 16,666 04 26,104 72 14,892 54 40,997 26 9276 80 1800 00 68,740 10 1829 2666 64 8000 00 5204 00 264 00 16,134 64 29,871 11 16,489 86 46,360 97 8700 00 2394 04 73,589 65 |