10. Interrogation is a mode of questioning, used, not to seek information, but rather to express a strong affirmation or denial; as, "He that planted the ear, shall he not hear?"- "Can the fig-tree, my brethren, bear olive berries? either a vine, figs?"

11. Exclamation is the sudden or unexpected expression of words denoting strong emotion; as, "What a piece of work is man! How noble in reason! How infinite in faculties!"

12. Antithesis is the placing of opposite things, or thoughts, in contrast with each other, so that the difference may be more clearly seen; as, "Man proposes, but God disposes."—"A soft answer turneth away wrath, but grievous words stir up anger."

13. Climax is the arrangement of words, phrases, and clauses, so that there shall be gradual rising from the least to the greatest in importance; as, "They fought, they bled, they died for freedom.""Days, months, years, and ages, shall circle away."

When the arrangement is such as shows a gradual decrease in importance, the figure is called Anticlimax; as, "Now if any man build upon this foundation gold, silver, precious stones, wood, hay, stubble; every man's work shall be made manifest."

14. Irony is a mode of expression by which we are understood really to censure what we seem to approve or defend; as,

15. Paralipsis, or Omission, is the pretended omission on the part of the speaker or writer of that which he, at the same time, really mentions; as, "I do not speak of my adversary's scandalous rapacity; I take no notice of his brutal conduct; I pass by his treachery and malice.” 16. Onomatopoeia is a correspondence of sound with sense; as, "Click, click, goes the clock; clack, clack, goes the mill."

"Up the high hill he heaves a huge round stone."

RULES FOR THE USE OF CAPITALS.

1. Every sentence should begin with a capital letter. 2. Every line of Poetry should begin with a capital letter. 3. A quotation, if it forms a sentence, should begin with a capital letter.

4. Proper nouns and proper adjectives should begin with capital letters.

NOTE.-Geographical names formed by the use of a proper noun combined with a common noun, require the part formed by the proper noun only to be capitalized; as, "Mississippi river;" "Ohio river." Those formed by the use of two words both of which are needed to describe the place named require that both parts begin with capitals; as, "Rocky Mountains," "Atlantic City."

5. Titles should begin with capitals; as, Mr., Prof., Dr., Esq.

6. Words denoting the Deity and pronouns referring to the deity should begin with capital letters. Satan, Beelzebub, etc., also begin with capital letters. This is because the names of the Deity and Satan are proper nouns. The use of capitals for the pronouns referring to Deity is authorized by custom.

7. The name of things personified should begin with capital letters.

8. The names of the months and the days of the week should begin with capitals. The names of the seasons do not begin with capitals.

9. The pronoun I and the interjection O must be capital letters.

10. The important words of a heading should begin with capital letters.

11. The principal words in the titles of books, etc., should begin with capital letters.

The principal words are generally the nouns, verbs, and adjectives. If other words are emphatic, they are principal words and are capitalized.

PUNCTUATION.

Punctuation treats of the points or marks which are used in writing and printing.

Marks are principally employed to divide written or printed discourse into sentences, and sentences into parts, in order to render the meaning more intelligible.

Marks are also employed in connection with sentences, words, letters, and figures, for other uses.

The principal marks are the following:

The Period denotes a full stop, or the greatest degree of separation.

1. A period must be placed at the end of every declarative and every imperative sentence, whether simple, complex, or compound.

Examples. "The noblest vengeance is to forgive."-"Do as I command you."-"Of thy unspoken word thou art master; thy spoken word is master of thee."

The members of a compound sentence may be fully separated by the use of the period in place of a colon or a semicolon: thus, in the last example: "Of thy unspoken word thou art master. Thy spoken word is master of thee."

2. A period must be placed at the end of every abbreviated word; as, Dr. for doctor; N.Y. for New York; nom. for nominative.

If the abbreviated word occurs at the close of a full sentence one period is sufficient to denote both the abbreviation and the end of the sentence; as, "Harrisburg is the capital of Penna."

Some abbreviations have, by common usage, become words, and, therefore, require no period at the end of them; as, Will Shakspeare; Tom Moore.

Sometimes figures are used as ordinals and have the endings th, nd, etc., placed after them; thus, 7th, 2nd, etc. These are not abbreviations and do not require the periods.

The period must be placed at the end of headings, titles, and other expressions, used alone and equivalent to abbreviated declarative sentences; as, Normal Arithmetic.-Punctuation.-Jones and Sons. The period is also used after figures and letters employed as figures, when successive facts or particulars are stated in order. Such are the figures used in numbering paragraphs.

The Interrogation Point.

The Interrogation Point denotes that a question is asked, and, as a separating point, marks a full or a partial stop. The interrogation point must be placed at the end of every sentence, member, or clause, which contains a complete direct question.

Examples. "Where did you find your book?"-"If he go, will you accompany him? for I must stay."- "Am I safe now?' he eagerly asked."

When several questions are contained in one sentence, and the meaning is not complete till the last is asked, the interrogation point is used only at the end; as, “Shall my neighbors be aroused, shall my friends be anxious, and I remain indifferent?"

A sentence which refers to a question, without asking it, is not directly interrogative, and must not be closed with an interrogation point; as, "I asked him where he found his book."

The Exclamation Point.

The Exclamation Point denotes that one word or more are used in exclamation, and, as a separating point, often marks a full stop.

An exclamation point must be placed at the end of every sentence, member, phrase, or word, used in exclamation or in earnest address.

Examples. "Alas! what hourly dangers arise!"-"To arms! they come! the Greek! the Greek!"

The exclamation point is not used immediately after interjections which are closely connected with other words; as, "Fie on thee!"

O is never immediately followed by an exclamation point; as, “O city of our God!" O should be distinguished from Oh. O is called the vocative O, Oh the emotional Oh.

Emotional oh is used chiefly to denote wishing, suffering, surprise, or admiration, and is followed by an exclamation point or a comma; as, (Wishing) "Oh, that he would come!" (Suffering) "Oh! I am ruined." (Surprise) "Oh! look there!" (Admiration) “Oh, how beautiful!"

The Colon.

The Colon denotes a degree of separation less than that shown by the period, and greater than that indicated by the semicolon.

1. A colon may be placed between the extended members of a compound sentence, when they are not connected by conjunctions mentioned, or when their parts' are separated by semicolons and commas.

Examples. "In the Bible, the body is said to be more than the raiment, but the opinion now-a-days seems to be, that the raiment is more than the body: a great many people, it would seem, read this text, as they do others, Hebrew-wise, that is, backward." "We must get out of the shadow of an object to see it; we must recede from it, to comprehend it: so we must compare the present