Though. Though truth and error each exerts great influence, (yet) truth must prevail.-"Though" is a conjunction, "A Conjunction is, etc.";-it is the correlative of yet, and with yet connects the two sentences above given. Yet. (Though) truth and error each exerts great influence, yet truth must prevail. "Yet" is a conjunction, “A Conjunction, etc.";—it is the correlative of though, and with though connects the two sentences between which it is placed.

Inasmuch as.-Truth must prevail, inasmuch as it is the greater power.— "Inasmuch as" is a complex conjunction, “A Complex Conjunction is, etc."; -it connects the two sentences, Truth must prevail, and it is the greater power, between which it is placed.

Parse all the conjunctions in the following sentences:

Light and heat proceed from the sun. If we cannot remove pain, we may at least alleviate it. Both men went to sea, but only one returned. The prisoner at the bar both planned and executed the deed, as I will prove. The unhappy man acknowledged his weakness, yet persisted in the habit.

I will not argue with you; for, though I can convince your judgment, I cannot convert your heart. Neither threat nor punishment moved him from his purpose. The principal nobles were delivered up as hostages and were thrown into prison, although honorable treatment had been promised to them. The ancient philosophers disputed whether the world was made by chance or by a divine mind.

EXERCISE II.-Parse also the articles, the nouns, the pronouns, the adjectives, the verbs, the adverbs, and the prepositions, in the foregoing sentences.

INTERJECTIONS.

An Interjection is a word used in exclamation, to express some emotion of the mind; as, Ha! pshaw! alas! halloo!

CLASSES OF INTERJECTIONS.

The following are the principal classes of interjections:

1.-Those expressive of joy or exultation; as, ah, aha, hey, hurrah, huzza;

2. Of sorrow; as, ah, alas, oh;

3.--Of surprise or wonder; as, ha, indeed, what;

4. Of contempt or disgust; as, bah, faugh, fie, foh, humph, pah, pish, pshaw, tush, tut;

5. Of attention or calling aloud; as, ahoy, behold, halloo, hark, ho, lo, look, see, soho, whoa;

6. Of silence; as, hist, hush, mum, whist;

7.-Of addressing, saluting, or taking leave; as, adieu, farewell, hail, good-by, good-day, O;

8. Of laughter; as, ha-ha, he-he, te-he;

9. Of interrogation; as, eh, hey.

O is always a capital, and is used before the name of a person or thing addressed.

Some words used as interjections may be parsed as other parts of speech by supplying the words evidently omitted; thus, horrible! means, it is horrible; see! means, see thou or you.

EXERCISE I.-Parse the interjection in the following sentence:-"Hurrah! the day is gained."

MODEL.-Hurrah.-(It has no grammatical connection.)-"Hurrah” is an interjection, "An Interjection is a word, etc.";-it is expressive of exultation.

Parse the interjections in the following sentences:

O king, live forever! Oh! what a fall was there, my countrymen! Few, alas! survived to tell the tale. What! feed a child's body and starve its soul! Well, good-by, I hope to see you again. Alas! by some degree of woe, we every bliss must gain.

EXERCISE II.-Parse the nouns, the pronouns, the articles, the adjectives, the verbs, the adverbs, the prepositions, and the conjunctions in the preceding sentences.

EXERCISE III.-Compose sentences, each of which shall contain all the parts of speech.

WORDS USED AS DIFFERENT PARTS OF

SPEECH.

The following are some of the most important words which may belong to different parts of speech, according to their different uses:

As

is (1) a Conjunction simply, when it means since, because; "As he was ambitious, I slew him."

(2)—an Adverb, when it denotes time, degree, or manner; I do."—"He spoke as we entered.”

as,

"Do as

Before is (1) an Adverb, when it denotes time simply; as, “The Indians never saw a ship before."

(2)—a Preposition, when followed by a noun or a pronoun

in the objective case; as, "The world was before him. So also are after, ere, till, until.

Both is (1) a Pronominal Adjective, when it limits or represents a noun; as, "Both criminals were condemned, and both were hung."

But

For

(2) a conjunction, when it aids in connecting words or sentences; as, "James both reads and writes well." So also are either and neither.

is (1) a Preposition, when it means except; as, "All remained but him."

(2)—an Adverb, when it means only; as, "He was but one among the many who were slain.”

(3)—a Conjunction, when it connects words or sentences as, “I go, but I will return.”

is (1) a Conjunction, when it connects parts of sentences (members), and is used in giving a reason; as, "They will never succeed, for they are inattentive.”

-a Preposition, when it is followed by a noun or a pronoun in the objective case; as, "Prizes were awarded for good conduct."

So also is notwithstanding.

Since is (1) a Preposition, when followed by a noun in the objective case denoting a portion of time, or a past event; as, "No greater event has happened since the Revolution." -a Conjunction, when it denotes a reason; as, “The boy must obey, since his father commands."

(3)—an Adverb simply, or a conjunctive adverb, when it denotes time; as, "I have not seen him since."-"Two years have passed since it happened."

That is (1) a Relative Pronoun, when who, whom,

or which may be substituted for it; as, "Solomon was the wisest man that ever lived."-"All that heard him were astonished." (2)—a Pronominal Adjective, when it limits or represents

a noun; as, "That event caused joy in all hearts.""This word may be used for that."

(3)—a Conjunction, when it is used to connect sentences; as, "Live well, that you may die well."

Then is (1) a Conjunction, when it means in that case, or in consequence; as, "If this is justice, then I want none of it."

(2)—an Adverb, when it denotes time; as, "Alfred was then king."

What is (1) a Relative Pronoun, when thing which or things which may be substituted for it; as, "What he sought, he obtained."

-an Interrogative Pronoun, when it is used to ask a question; as, "What caused the accident?"

(3)—a Pronominal Adjective simply, when it limits a noun; as, "What fame Cæsar acquired!"

(4)—a Pronominal Adjective and a Relative Pronoun at the same time, when it limits a noun, and when that which; or those which may be substituted for it; as, “What vessels survived the storm were captured."

(5)—an Adverb, when it means partly; as, "What by fire and what by sword, the whole country was laid waste." (6)—an Interjection, when used as an exclamation expressing surprise; as, "What! did he commit that crime?" While is (1) a Noun, when it denotes space of time; as, "For a while we thought him innocent.”

Yet

-an Adverb, when it denotes during the time in which

as, "I will work while you rest.”

(3) -a Verb, when it means to spend or pass; as, “He traveled merely to while away the time."

is (1)—an Adverb, when it means in addition, thus far, at the present time; as, "He adduced yet one more argument to prove his point."

(2)—a Conjunction, when it means notwithstanding, nevertheless; as, "Though the land has become a wilderness, yet industry may reclaim it."

PART III.

SYNTAX.

SYNTAX treats of sentences, and teaches how to construct them from words.

A Sentence is two or more words (one of which must be a finite verb) so combined as to make complete sense; as, "Water flows."-"Experience gives wisdom.”

The complete sense contained in a sentence is called a Proposition, and every sentence is said to contain a proposition.

The name sentence is applied to all the words taken in combination; proposition, to the thought which they express; therefore, "Water flows," is both a sentence and a proposition.

The expression of thought in successive sentences is termed Dis

course.

CLASSES OF SENTENCES ACCORDING TO USE.

Sentences may be divided, according to the manner in which they are used, into Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative, and Exclamatory.

A Declarative Sentence is one which is used to affirm or to deny; as, "The sun shines."-"Dishonesty will not prosper.

Declarative sentences are far more numerous in discourse than those belonging to the other classes; they are converted into sentences of the other classes by the manner of their use.

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