tical work as full-fledged journeymen. The school has proved satisfactory in every respect, and has fully attained the end for which it was established."

BROWN-KETCHAM IRON WORKS, INDIANAPOLIS, IND.

The directors of this company have decided that all boys taking advantage of the special night school organized by the Y. M. C. A. during the term of their apprenticeship shall receive credit on the last day of their apprenticeship for six months' time. The boys themselves pay the expenses of the special night drawing class, but this is only $6 a year.

LAIDLAW-DUNN-GORDON COMPANY, CINCINNATI, OHIO.

This company employs apprentices at the age of 17 on a four-year contract. While its system has no special educational features outside of shop instruction, it encourages apprentices as far as possible to attend the night classes of the Ohio Mechanics' Institute in Cincinnati. A limited number of special apprentices who are students at the University of Cincinnati are also employed, these apprentices working in pairs and alternating each week between the University and the shop. This particular feature, which is unique and of great importance, will be referred to later on.

III.-MIXED TYPES OF THE APPRENTICESHIP SYSTEM.

The two types of apprenticeship just illustrated, (1) that where school and shop are intimately connected, and (2) that where the management has some control outside of the shop, are those where the elements of industrial education in the broader sense are most conspicuously emphasized. There are many other examples, where there is no connection between the works (or shops) and the schools, that give valuable information relative to the extent and importance and real influence of the apprenticeship system as such, and also plainly show the friendliness of the managers of such concerns to general education along industrial lines. A few of the more prominent and characteristic types are therefore given.

BALDWIN LOCOMOTIVE WORKS, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

Under the system at these works the apprentices are divided into three classes. The first class is composed of those who have had a grammar school education and who are not over 16 years of age. They serve four years, or until they are 21, at wages of 5, 7, 9, and

"Seventeenth Annual Report of the United States Commissioner of Labor.

11 cents per hour for each respective year of their term, and receive a bonus of $125 at the end of their term. They are obliged by the terms of their indenture to attend night school three evenings a week during three years of their term, and study geometry, arithmetic, elementary mechanical drawing, and shop practice, in order to become familiar with the technical language used in the shops and be able to readily interpret the working drawings in daily use.

The second-class apprentice serves three years. This class includes those who are at least 18 years of age and have had a more advanced education than those of the first class. They are paid 7, 9, and 11 cents per hour for each respective year, and receive a bonus of $100 at the end of their term. They also attend night school for the first two years of their term. Many of them take up advanced studies, such as chemistry, higher mathematics, and mechanical drawing.

The company provides for changing them from one shop to another, and from machine to machine, once every three months, or oftener if necessary, until they have been all over the works, thus giving them a thorough knowledge of the entire plant. The firm is also bound by the indenture to retain the apprentice in service until he has completed his term. They retain the right, however, to dismiss him for good and sufficient reasons.

The third class of apprentices is composed of young men, 21 years of age and over, who are graduates of colleges, technical schools, or other advanced institutions, and who have taken courses in higher mathematics, natural sciences, and mechanical drawing. They are not indentured as are the boys of the first and second classes. They serve two years, receiving 13, 16, 18, and 20 cents per hour for each respective six months of service. They are not required to attend school, although many of them do so, but instead must read a technical journal and turn in a synopsis of all the articles in it, which matter is used for indexing the articles in the publication.

The course for the first-class apprentices is likely to develop men who will be first-class mechanics and fitted for positions of minor responsibility; the second grade is likely to develop men who will graduate into the positions of subcontractors and foremen; and the men of the third class are likely to become foremen and heads of departments and members of the executive staff of the company.

There is also another class of apprentices called "specials." This class is composed of young men who, on account of their age, can not be placed in either of the three regular classes. Their term of service is voluntary and they have no fixed rate of wages, this being arranged by the particular foreman under whom they may be working.

Of the 399 apprentices in the works at the end of 1906, 204 attended various night schools, as follows: 126, Central High School; 32, Spring Garden Institute; 11, Drexel Institute; 1, Franklin Institute;

17, Young Men's Christian Association schools, and 17, various district public schools. This shows that about 89 per cent of the boys attend formal schools. In addition to the apprentices who are obligated by their indentures to attend school, there is a large attendance at various schools and institutions of specials and other young men who attend voluntarily. The superintendent of apprentices of the Baldwin Locomotive Works, Mr. Semple, who furnished the information for this investigation, stated that while the boys are expected, and, as far as possible required, to attend evening schools, there is no way of finding out how well they do attend, or how they progress, except through the return blanks of the principals of the schools; but these blanks do not furnish the exact information the works desire. Nor is the work which the boys do in the public evening school satisfactory, because of the large size of the classes. Some of the teachers have as many as 60 students in a room at the beginning of a term, and by the time the roll has been called half an hour has been lost. A good many boys wish to drop out because they are not getting enough individual attention.

The instruction in the public evening school is free, but of such a character that those boys who can afford it take up work in private schools, such as the Spring Garden Institute, Drexel and Franklin institutes, and the Young Men's Christian Association schools. The average attendance of the boys taking the public school work was 84 per cent. The average attendance taking private school work was 89 per cent, showing that where these boys had to pay for instruction themselves they did better work than where instruction was furnished free.

The feeling at the works is that there must be better elementary schools and better evening schools; the first for a more efficient preparation for the apprenticeship system, and the second for better opportunity for working boys to supplement their daily experience through evening study. The superintendent has a system of blanks to show the progress of the apprentices in the shops and the quality of their work, their conduct, and the statements of the foremen. At the Baldwin Locomotive Works they do not believe in lectures, outside socials, or any of those features which prevail at the General Electric Works. The company is conservative and has made a success in a conservative way, but it believes in the thorough training of its boys, and its belief has been strengthened by the fact that many of the men in directory positions at the works have come up from the ranks.

BROWN & SHARPE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, PROVIDENCE, R. I.

This company, engaged in the manufacture of machinists' tools, has at present about 150 apprentices. Applicants must not be less than 16 or more than 18 years of age, and have had a grammar school

education. They are required to serve for a term of four years. The company believes in evening instruction for the boys, and that the more outside instruction they can get the better for them on general principles, and if the young man is getting ready for work as an engineer it is necessary for him to have this instruction. The firm recommends and helps young men to the evening schools, but does not require attendance. The superintendent states that some of the young men have gone for a short period to evening schools, others have gone for the whole four years of their term of service. He says also that the boys make good use of the Rhode Island School of Design, where the chief draftsman of the company is on the advisory board of some of the courses of instruction. The superintendent is of the opinion that the only way of furnishing good all-around workmen is to have boys indentured for four years to some wellconducted, up-to-date concern, where they may learn their trade, for in this way they are not only bound to the concern, but the concern also becomes bound to them; accordingly no foreman, on account of some ill feeling or spite against a boy, can discharge him, as the whole matter must be brought before the manager, by whom the case is investigated thoroughly before being decided.

Mr. Luther D. Burlingame, chief draftsman of the Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Company, who has written on the subject of apprentices, stated in the course of this investigation that he felt there should be a careful selection of boys fitted for the work, with a period of trial, during which they may be tested as to their intelligence, application, accuracy, interest, and other desirable qualifications, and where candidates were found lacking they should be weeded out; that the work given to the boys should be so diversified as to give the most varied training possible. The apprentice and his future should be considered, as well as the profit to be derived from his services. If possible, outside study and auxiliary training should supplement the work in the shop and be a part of every boy's training. When evening schools are not available or suitable, private instruction or home study should be resorted to, as such study, in addition to the knowledge gained, gives confidence to the boy, and enables him to take for himself that social position that some claim is not accorded to the mechanic or other manual workman.

Mr. Burlingame emphasizes the fact that apprentices should be in charge of a competent man, whose duty it should be to see that a proper selection is made in hiring new boys. This man should look after their general welfare, both inside and outside the shop, encouraging, correcting, and teaching them, without showing a paternalism which would take away the boy's self-reliance, but working in sympathy with him and keeping such watchfulness over him as to see

that he gets a fair deal. This is especially essential in large works, where a great number of apprentices are employed.

One of the faults of the old apprentice system, when employed in modern times, is that there is no one to care anything for the apprentice. The journeymen can not stop to instruct him, and he is, as has already been shown, largely dependent upon chance for learning any of the art or skill required. Every shop, however small, should be looking to the future in the training of boys by a system of apprenticeship, and it is through the wide extension of such a policy that we can anticipate a great future development of skill.

The Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Company considers that the apprenticeship system is not a mere detail incident to the conduct of the business, but is one of the corner stones on which its prosperity and permanence rest. Some of the most important positions in the factory are held by men who have been apprentices in it. They have learned the company's methods of doing work, and are interested in the welfare of the business as well, and while technical and manual training schools are of great importance, the management believes that nothing can take the place of the boy indentured to some firstclass concern.

Mr. Burlingame emphasizes the value of apprenticeship over that of the trade school, especially where the apprentice adds to his experience in the shop school knowledge which he gets by evening study. The boy coming from the school shop, no matter how good his training, must start as an unknown quantity with his new employer and win his way from the beginning. A boy already four years in the service of an employer may have won his confidence and esteem, and developed such ability and loyalty as to place himself in line of promotion even before he completes his apprenticeship.

This firm is an advanced one, broad and liberal, and believes in all forms or methods which will produce an increased amount of skill and skilled labor, and its experience is that this can be done better through a modern up-to-date apprenticeship system than by any other method.

BULLARD MACHINE TOOL COMPANY, BRIDGEPORT, CONN.

The experience of this company leads to conclusions opposite to those drawn from the experience of the General Electric Company, the New York Central lines, and others adopting their type of apprenticeship, yet it is carefully considering them and in a friendly spirit.

The conditions which led to the attitude of this company are those which are universal, namely, an apparent lack of skilled workmen, and the difficulty of procuring boys who wanted to learn the trade

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