was over 11 millions of pounds, brought 214d.; that of 1836 and of '37, united, amounting, it is presumed, to about 12 millions of pounds, commanded only the average price of 25d.

From these facts, added to the wonderful machinery, which enable a workman now to perform the work required of two or three hundred men, sixty years ago; the increase of population in those countries, where the finest goods are used, The committee are aware that, in consequence and the decrease in the rates of duties in Great of the interest of money, and the profits of capiBritain, it was reasonable to infer, that an aug-tal having fallen almost universally in Great Brimentation of price, in some measure, proportional tain, every branch of industry in other countries, to the diminished production, would have taken in any wise dependent on the skill, enterprise, or place. From 1921 to 1829, inclusive, when the capital of that commercial and manufacturing average export was 11,016,418 lbs, the average power, has also suffered. Without adverting, price in Liverpool was 19d. From 1830 to 1835 however, to the numerous causes which are at (excluding 1833, the export of which year is un-hand, for the anomaly which the statistical inforknown to the committee) when the average ex- mation, presented in this report, so clearly estaport was reduced to 8.208,194 lbs., the average blishes, one only of the most prominent the comprice was a low as 174d. The committee have mittee would name-the practice of mixing the been unable to procure the official account of the different sorts of cotton together. There is no exports for 1836 '37, '38. They believe, however, kind, except the finer descriptions, says Mr. Baines, it would be safe to say, that the product of last which is now confined to any exclusive purpose. year, and the year preceding, was over six mil- The long staple is generally used for the twist or lions of pounds. Hence, if this be true, the two wrap, and the short staple for the weft. In this united was considerably less than the single crop way, the black seed is made to participate in the of 1826, and but little more than either that of changes, which, no matter from what cause, 1821 or of 1822. The present crop, it is confi- mark the market value of the green seed. This, dently believed, will not exceed, if it eqaul, the perhaps, is the strongest reason why a more delast. Although the compromise on the tariff cided inequality in price, between the fine and suquestion, in 1833, gave an impetus in the cotton perfine qualities of long staple cotton, ought to trade and manufacture, which, by a salutary re-exist; to which may be added, the variety of uses action, raised the price of the great product of our to which the former, alone or mixed, are applicaindustry very considerably; yet, it is nevertheless ble. From these considerations, it is apparent, true, that from meagre harvests, especially in that, in relation to those two descriptions of vege1836 and 37, over 4 per cent. has not been real-table wool, the one is really worth from two to ized by the planter. The crop of 1821, which three-fold more than the other, instead of from 30 to 50 per cent., which continues to be paid.*

In our unremitted efforts to produce the finest cottons in the world, sad experience shows, that we are engaged in an unprofitable enterprise. It is annually proven, that the cultivator of the common qualities, realizes a much larger interest on his capital, than he who can readily command 70 or 80 cents per pound for his crop. So general is this persuasion, that the raising of hardy and productive plants, without reference to the texture of the wool, is now the main object of our desire. All which is respectfully submitted by WHITEMARSH B. SEABROOK, JOHN JENKINS,

GEORE W. SEABROOK,

Com.

From the American Farmer.

2s. 11d. per cwt. In 1821 the duty was six per

cent. ad. val.

MR. INGERSOLL'S PIGGERY.

The table from which the above (to 1833) is taken, [We have the satisfaction to publish the followwas published in 1833, by Messrs. George Holt & Co., ing account of the most perfect system of breedof Liverpool. It exhibits the extreme prices of cot-ing swine, that has fallen under our observation. ton and wool in that place, from 1806 to 1835 inclu- We have visited the establishment which it desive. The statement of prices from 1834 to 1836 inclusive, is extracted from a Liverpool circular, published in January last. The difference between the extreme prices has been assumed as the medium price. What the average price really was, cannot, with certainty, be stated.

At a meeting of the Agricultural Society, held on the 12th Nov., it was unanimously resolved, that the members forthwith furnish a statement of the probable product of their cotton crop, which resulted in the average of 64 lbs. per acre. This was intended to be appended to the report of the committee and published. The reported average last year, was 76 lbs. per

acre.

* One round of cotton usually makes 8 yards of coarse muslin, and is then increased in value from the raw cotton, eight-fold. But, if spun in the finest yarn, it is worth 5 guineas, and in 1780, if woven into muslin and tamboured, was worth £15. It may now be converted into a piece of lace, worth 100 guineas.-Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, 1836.

The finest quality of sea-island cotton, remarks Mr. Baines, in ordinary state of the market, is worth three times as much as the common quality of the same class, The varieties in quality, in most of the other denominations, is from 20 to 25 per cent., and in none of them is more than 50 per cent.

scribes, and heard with pleasure the explanations are crossed with each other. And except to supply of its intelligent owner, upon the different parts of the number of each kind I want to breed from, the his plan. And from our desire to profit by his ex- individuals of the same family are never allowed to perience, we subsequently requested him to give come together. By attention and strict adherence us a written description of his piggery, and the to this plan of crossing, where both kinds are good, management thereof, which he promptly furnish-I have a fine healthy stock. The animals are imed, in a letter that invited us to pursue our inqui-proved, both in size and symmetry, and their disries; and these procured for us the more ample de- position to get very fat, at an early age, has been tails contained in his second letter. It was our increased. At twelve months old, the pigs you wish to publish these communications soon after saw in my various pens, averaged 280 lbs.; and they were received, but we could not obtain his many of them exceeded 300 lbs. each. This weight express permission to make that use of them; as they were fed almost entirely upon vegetables, therefore, we have withheld his letters from the was very satisfactory. A larger race has been press until the present moment when we are as-often recommended to me by my neighbors. But sured that the cause of his reluctance has ceased a large race would not only require more food, but to exist; and that his plan may now be made it must also be of much richer, and of more expenpublic, without any prejudice to his interests, or vi- sive quality. Boiled cabbages, turnips, and other olation of his wishes. This system challenges vegetables, whose acreable produce is large, and our admiration, and we cheerfully render it to his which constitute the principal sustenance of my own head and heart. How few of us take equal care breed, would make but poor returns when given to of superior animals! And there are not many a larger framed animal. My establishment conwho carry equal method into their most important sists of twelve breeding sows and two boars, that avocations-errors, which may justly be ascribed are kept as long as they bring fine litters of pigs; to defective education. It is easy to perceive in failing in this, they are fatted, and their places supevery part of Mr. Ingersoll's proceeding, that con- plied by others of one year old, before they are put fidence which merchants feel in the employment to the male. The sows are put with the boars the of capital at some risk, and heavy charges, for the 1st of April, and the 1st of October, and farrow production of a probable and fair, although remote twice a year. Their inside pens are eight feet by profit, through a definite channel. With such | five, and their outside pens are three by four feet. hopes and calculations, education had made him About the time they are expected to bring forth, familiar, whilst it gave him habits of critical inves-the styes are littered with straw cut into chaff, very tigation that must ever secure to their possessor fine, that the little pigs may be dry and warm, eventual success in any occupation to which he without being entangled with long straw, and thus may devote himself. As a farmer, we perceive destroyed. The litters are always regulated so as that he has derived a handsome livelihood from to leave not more than eight pigs to any one sow, the cultivation of a few acres of land, and the em- either by changing their mothers, when necessary, ployment of a small capital, in connexion there- soon after their birth, or by removing supernumewith; whilst there are many proprietors of prince-raries. I have always found a family of eight pigs ly estates, who can scarcely contrive to banish at a month old, worth more than one of twelve; want from their domains. We have pointed to the their growth being so much greater. From each chief cause of such painful deficiencies; it remains outside pen the pigs have access through a small for parents to diminish their number in future times, hole, to a common yard, which is always kept well by taking present and suitable means to qualify littered; in which they play; and where dry corn their children to pursue their respective occupa- is placed in shallow troughs to induce them tions with benefit to their families, and advantage to eat as early as possible. Each party knows to society. And whilst we are zealously laboring their mother, and they find their respective pens to amass property for our offspring, let us not be without difficulty. These pigs are always weanunmindful of their intellectual treasures, but re-ed the 1st of October, at six or eight weeks old, member always that the improvement of these can alone teach them how to enjoy and augment the wealth that we may give.]-Ed. Am. Far.

Brookline, Oct. 30th, 1821. DEAR SIR, I have, this evening, received your favor, dated 1st inst., inclosing some valuable seeds, and two numbers of your publication, for which I beg you to accept my acknowledgments. I should feel mortified that your interesting journal should have been published near three years, without my availing myself of its information. The fact is, I have been a subscriber through our mutual friends Messrs. Wells and Lilley, from the beginning.

that the sows may be again in the way of their duty, and my system progress. From these pigs I select seventy-two, and dispose of the rest. They are put into twelve pens, containing six each, and are fed with the best food my swill trough affords, six times per day, for the first month, and three times per day afterwards. The inside pens are six feet square, and the outside four feet by six, both planked, with a quick descent for the dirt, &c. to be carried off. Much, indeed everything, depends upon their sleeping dry and warm, and being well littered, and kept perfectly clean. In these pens they remain six months, or until October and April, when they are all transferred I am happy to hear of the safe arrival of the to the fatting pens, and their places supplied by pigs, and more gratified that you are pleased with the newly weaned pigs. The fatting pens are them. It will give me great pleasure to send the planked-there is a cellar under them, and each pig boars you wish in the spring; and they shall, as is allowed an area of about twelve square feet to you desire, be of different parentage from those you already have. I am fully satisfied, from repeated trials, that a fine race of animals cannot be kept up by breeding in and in; and I have both in my sheep and swine, two distinct families, which

live in; for these there are no outside pens. The fatting pens are cleaned out every morning, and fresh litter given. For three months the pigs in them are fed from the swill trough as store pigs; at the end of which time, say January and July,

their fatting commences, which consists in adding,
for each of them three quarts of cracked corn to
their daily allowance of vegetables, for three
months, when they are killed as near the first of
October and the first of April as may be. Thus
you will observe the 1st of October and the 1st of
April are busy days in my piggery, and the little
pigs are then weaned, the sows again put to the
boars, the fat hogs sold off, the store pigs removed
to the fattening pens, and my system completed.
To feed this stock, consisting of
72 pigs from one to six months old, and
72 pigs from six to twelve months old, and
12 old sows, and

nual weight and value of the pork killed-the usual number and value of supernumerary pigs-the probable value of your farm, and the food consumed-and the quantity and quality of the manure saved or produced, as well as the cost of an equivalent in manure, if otherwise obtainable. I have, you see, some curiosity; but I persuade myself, that it cannot give one so systematic as yourself, any trouble to answer me on each of these points, and in a way to show me at a glance of the eye, that it is better for you to convert your vegetables and corn into pork and manure than sell vegetables; whilst I shall at the same time, be taught economy and method by your precept and example, which I will endeavor to observe, and imitate at my breeding establishment. I feel somewhat at a 158 mouths-we boil a kettle of vegetables, con- loss as to the manner of building my pens; and on taining six bushels, to which is added one bushel the inclosed paper, you will see doubts exemplified of cracked corn three times a day, and after put-in rough diagrams; your correction on these would ting this mass into the swill trough and mixing it intimately, we add as much water as will make 112 gallons, or for each bushel of vegetables and corn sixteen gallons. This swill is then distributed sweet and warm to the stock, morning, noon, and night, with great regularity, in the following proportions, viz:

2 boars; in all

In October, November and December-to each of 72 pigs, from one to three months old, one gallon; and to each of 72 pigs from six to nine months old, three gallons.

In July, February and March-to each of 72 pigs, from three to six months old, two gallons; and to each of 72 pigs from nine to twelve months old, 2 gallons, with 3 quarts of corn.

particularly oblige me. It is my desire to build them in a long narrow shed, on one side of my barn yard; and to have at one end, cooking and vegetable apartments.

At your request, I am induced to ask whether it would not be better, that is to say, cheaper, to steam than to boil your vegetables? I have seen it stated in the explanations of Scotch implements, published by the Board of Agriculture, in the year 1814, that one person, by a simple apparatus, may steam in an hour, food enough, say of potatoes, to feed fifty horses a day, at 32 lbs. for each horse. And I had quite concluded to procure a boiler and steaming box from Scotland, on the strength of that statement.

In April, May and June-to each of 72 pigs, I have been led to make some inquiries of you from six to nine months old, 3 gallons; and to each in this letter, from an attempt to push your proof 72 pigs, from one to three months old, one gal-ceedings to their results; as you will see by the lon. enclosed estimates, which will best define the most of my inquiries.

In July, August and September—to each of 72 pigs, from nine to twelve months old, 2 gallons; and to each of 72 pigs, from three to six months old, 3 gallons with 3 quarts of corn.

And these eight gallons, divided by their terms, or four, show that on an average, throughout the year, two gallons are required daily per head for the 144 pigs; or equal to 288 gallons; and to our twelve breeding sows, and two boars, we give per day, three gallons each, or equal to 42 gallons, making, altogether, an aggregate of 330 gallons; thus quite consuming our three messes of 112 gallons each. By the different ages of the pigs, as above combined, we have a constant and daily call for the same quantity of swill throughout the year, so that our business proceeds with perfect regularity.

Do you give the swill warm in summer as well as in winter? Do you spay your sow pigs, or put fattening sows to the boar, shortly previous to killing? Have you used the mangel wurtzel and observed its comparative value or relish? I think highly of it, and wish that it may be fairly tried by every farmer in this country. In our climate it is more certain and productive than any other root. On this head I beg leave, however, to refer you, for my opinions, to No. 5, vol. iii. of the American Farmer, in the notes on Mr. Cooper's account of his several crops. And I remain, truly, sir, your obliged and obedient servant,

JOHN SKINNER.

Nathaniel Ingersoll, Esq.
Estimate of Food, Fuel, Labor, &c. employed at
Mr. Ingersoll's Piggery, per annum.

6 bushels of vegetables, roots, &c. three
times per day 18 bushels per diem,
for 365 days to 6570 bushels per an-
num, which at 25 cts. per bush.—
bushel of corn 3 times a day

1

13

added to the above for 365
days, equals

Baltimore, Nov. 21st. 1825. Dear Sir,-Your detailed account of the management of your piggery, has afforded me great pleasure and instruction. And your very obliging offer to send me a list of the vegetables raised for your monthly supply, tempts me, not only to ask for it, but for some other explanations which you likewise proffer. I am anxious to have a summary view of the total quantity of each and every kind of food used in your piggery per annum-the cost of raising or purchasing the food-the extent of and on which it is, or might be raised-the labor of feeding and attending at other times-the an- at 50 cents, VOL. VII-5

bushels or 3 quarts per day given to each of 144 fattening hogs, for three months or 90 days,

1095 bu.

1215

Corn per annum, 2310 bu.

$1,542 50

1155 00

We always mix the vegetables by boiling some of either kind in each kettle.

My farming, or rather gardening, goes upon the principle of cultivating but little ground, and by great attention to get large crops, and in some instances two from the same land. The form of one piece constantly in cultivation is an oblong, thus divided with an alley or walk 4 feet wide in the centre.

No. 1. Of the upper side was sowed this year with mangel wurtzel, thinned out several times as described in a former letter, and finally cabbage plants set out two feet apart, (for winter crop,) taken from square No. 3, of the lower side.

No. 2. Has now a crop of parsnips left to grow the next spring, to furnish food for the month

of May. The frost, however severe, does not injure them, and they are very much liked by the hogs. The advantage of preserving without trouble through the winter makes them valuable. No. 3. Upper side, produced parsnips that were dug in the month of May, and 4th of June was sowed with carrots. Produce 237 bushels of the short kind.

No. 1. Of the lower side was cropped carrots this year; of the long orange kind. duce 248 bushels. No. 2. Bore the crop of mangel wurtzel scribed to you in a former letter.

I

is one rod wide, I have a row of fruit trees. Under them we have lettuce, early cabbages, ruta baga for transplanting, and such vegetables as our family require. But upon the plot above described nothing grows to shade the crops devoted to the piggery.

A second piece of ground, contains a square acre, and is divided into 4 equal parts and cropped within this manner, viz:

Pro- One-fourth acre, early potatoes and peas for
family use. Of the peas, those not wanted, are
de-chopped up, vines and all, and boiled in June.
This land is cleared soon enough for a crop of
transplanted Swedish turnips, or ruta baga.
One-fourth acre summer squash. Produce 200

bushels.

els.

One-fourth acre, carrots. Produce 310 bushels.
One-fourth acre, cabbages. Produce 560 bush-

No. 3. Cabbages.-The ground was laid out in 8 beds, 4 rods long, and 1 wide; the 12th June, it was sowed with Pomfret cabbage seed, in rows 2 feet asunder. They were thinned out, as plants were wanted to set other places, so as finally to stand 2 feet apart. Produce 500 bushels. This piece of land is constantly cropped in such These two pieces of land are my sheet anchor routine that the same vegetable occupies the-they are highly cultivated and neatly dressed, same square once in three years. Each square is without a weed allowed to seed upon them. annually manured with well-rotted hog dung, and always at the rate of 4 cart loads for 40 cubic feet. The cabbage square has in addition 20 bushels of

unslacked wood ashes.

The aggregate produce this year of the whole 6 squares, or 1 acres was as follows, viz:

8 rods wide

I annually cultivate, besides, 3 acres of field
land, by breaking up 1 acres, and laying down
the same quantity. These 3 acres are cropped as
follows, viz:
One acre potatoes,

One acre winter squash or
pumpkins

One-half acre cabbages

One-fourth acre mangel
wurtzel

250 to 300 bushels.

700 to 900 bushels. 1000 bushels.

250

Roots, tops,&c. given to sheep and cows.

2500 bushels.

These crops are an average for the last 3 years. My whole farm, (if it deserves that name,) is only 21 acres, within a ring fence. Of which one acre or more is occupied by buildings, yards, and approaches to them.

To carry on all my operations I keep two hired men through the year, one of whom however, does the duty of house servant at the same time; and I hire besides day laborers and cattle to plough, to amount of 150 dollars more. It occupies about the whole time of one man, to take care of my stock, consisting of 160 hogs, 60 sheep, 1 chaise horse, 1 cart horse, and 1 cow; though they are both together, and when the animals are fed, are employed in the gardens in summer, and in winter getting out manure for the next season. In answer to your question respecting the "probable marketable value of the vegetables on my farm," I would observe that the kinds and quantities of many which I raise, could not be sold at all; as for instance, the mangel wurtzel, ruta baga and all the fops and trimmings of others. Mr. Quincy tells me, he this year sells carrots in Boston, after carrying them 8 miles, at 9 dollars per 1010 bush. ton, or 18 cents per bushel. Cabbages are sold by the load at 2 cents each, or about 8 or 10 cents per bushel. Parsnips and winter squashes must be retailed, and pumpkins in any quantities would not sell for any thing.

500 do.
237 do.

Lower Side.

No. 1. Carrots

No. 2. Mangel wurtzel

No. 3. Pomfret cabbages

248 do.
523 do.
500 do.

To answer your question about market gardeners, I have endeavored to recollect who among my neighbors have been successful and long established in that line, and I cannot select a single individual who has not driven his own cart to Upon the borders of this garden ground, which market, until he had sons old enough to take his