of the winter, thereby furnishing him with a sup-sufficient to support the belief in a very remote ply of the best kind early in the spring. In the fall alliance, but there all similarity would cease. of the year, just before the ground closes up he gathers all the cabbages which have not headed, together. He then digs a trench eighteen inches or more, deep, and of sufficient width to admit the cabbages. He then closes the leaves together by hand, winding a wisp of straw or something else around them to keep them together; and then puts them into this trench, with heads down and roots up. He then packs straw or leaves, and earth snug about them, and rourds up the earth over them. The trench should be dug in a place where the water of the rains and the snows runs off, and will not stand about them. A board, or a couple of boards, nailed together in the form of a roof and put over the mound, may be useful.

In the spring of the year open your trench, and you will find that your cabbages are all headed firmly together, and if the water has not got in, will be solid and hard, Mr. Vance, has had the goodness to send us a few heads which he has formed in this way, which were very nice. By following this plan, we not only preserve the cabbages well during the winter, but save much of the crop which is not considered worth much.

From the earliest periods as to which we have any accounts of our breeds of cattle, the counties of Durham and York have been celebrated for their short-horns, but principally, in the first instance, on account of their reputation as extraordinary milkers. Before this, a large and valuable description of cattle had existed on the western coast of the continent of Europe, and extending from Denmark to the confines of France. They were celebrated for the great quantities of milk which they yielded, and some of them exhibited an extraordinary aptitude to fatten. At what particular time they found their way to England, or by whom they were imported, is unknown; but there is a tradition that, towards the close of the seventeenth century, a bull and some cows were introduced into Holderness.

In external form, there appeared to be very little to recommend them, for they had large shoulders and coarse necks; the sides were flat, and the head was thick; all the coarse parts were bulky, and the prime ones were reduced in size, and they were almost the reverse of what the agriculturist would select: they were, however, bulkier than the native breeds, and they were better milkers than the generality of the cattle of that day. They would, by dint of feeding, grow to an enormous size; but they had not the aptitude to fatten, nor the early maturity, to which they have Mr. Vance informs us that he preserves green been since indebted for their triumph over every peas for winter use, simply by shelling them and other breed. To recite their recorded feats at the putting them into bottles, and corking them very pail would be to invite incredulity; but it may be astightly. They should be used as soon as the bot-serted, on the best evidence, that, taken as a breed, tle is open. In this way you may have green peas all winter, if you like.

SAVING GREEN PEAS.

From the same.

IMPROVED DURHAM SHORT-HORNS.

From the Whip.

For every portion of the text in this excellent account of the short-horns, we are indebted to the Rev. Henry Berry, than whom there are few more zealous breeders of cattle, while there is no better judge of them.

they have never in that particular been equalled. The cattle so distinguished were always, as now, very different from the improved race. They were generally of large size, thin-skinned, sleekhaired, bad handlers, rather delicate in constitution, coarse in the offal, and strikingly defective in the substance of girth in the fore-quarters. As milkers, they were most excellent; but when put to fatten, as the foregoing description will indicate, were found slow feeders, producing an inferior quality of meat, not marbled or mixed as to fat and lean, and, in some cases, the latter was found of a particularly dark hue. Such, also, are the unimWhatsoever differences of opinion may prevail proved short-horns of the present day, and the respecting the comparative merits of our several distinction cannot be too frequently asserted, breeds of cattle, it must be admitted that the short- because they are, in many cases, considered as horns present themselves to notice under circum-specimens of the improved breed, and have actustances of peculiar interest. Possessing in an em- ally been resorted to in trials as to the comparative inent degree a combination of qualities which have aptitude of animals to fatten-trials which it is generally been considered imcompatible, and ren-evident they could not successfully sustain. dered irresistibly attractive to the eye by their splendid frames, and beautifully varied colors, it is not surprising that they have become objects of public curiosity; that they have realized for their breeders enormous sums of money; and that, throughout our own island, and in every foreign country where agriculture is attended to, they are in increasing request.

A period of more than eighty years has now elapsed, since the short-horns, on the banks of the river Tees, hence called the Teeswater breed, had assumed a very different character to that contained in the foregoing description. In color, they resembled the improved short-horns, being occasionally red, red and white, and roan, though the last named color was not then so prevalent as It might tend to throw much light on the science now. They possessed a fine mellow skin and of feeding, could these animals be traced, in the flesh, good hair, and light offal, particularly wide progress of their improvement, to an earlier period carcasses, and fore-quarters of extraordinary debth than has hitherto been found possible. Of the and capacity. Perhaps no closer modern resemextent of that improvement we may, however, form blance can be found to the above description of the an estimate, by placing together one of the im-Teeswater breed than Mr. Berry's bull presents. proved, and one of the unimproved race. We His dam was purchased by Mr. B. on account of should, in such a case, discover resemblance just the very few crosses that intervened between her

and some of the best of the Teeswater cattle, to which he was desirous to go back, on account of the extent to which breeding in-and-in has been carried. When slaughtered, their proof was extraordinary, and many instances are recorded of the wonderful weight of their inside fat.

in a majority of superior short-horns of the present day. It may, notwithstanding, be matter of interest to state a few particulars respecting this bull.

Without entering on an inquiry by what circumstances Hubback's title to be considered of The remarkable difference which existed be- pure blood is supported or weakened, it may suftween the Teeswater and the old unimproved fice to observe, that it appears probable he posshort-horns may, with propriety, be ascribed to a sessed on one side the imported blood. The posspirit of improvement which had some time mani-sessor of his dam was a person in indigent cirfested itself among the breeders on the banks of cumstances, and grazed his cow in the highways. the Tees, whose laudable efforts were well second- When afterwards she was removed to good land, ed by the very superior land in the vicinity of that near Darlington, she became so fat that she did not river. No reasonable doubts can be entertained again breed; and her son, having the same feedthat they proceeded on a judicious system of cross-ing propensity in a high degree, was useful as a ing with other breeds, because it was utterly bull during a very short period. The quality of impossible to raise such a stock as the Teeswater the flesh, hide and hair, are supposed to have been from pure short-horn blood. One cross to which seldom equalled; and as he was smaller than the they referred was in all probability, the white wild Teeswater cattle, he was eminently calculated to breed; and if this conjecture be well-founded, it forward Mr. Colling's views. will be apparent whence the short-horns derived a color so prevalent among them.

It has been remarked that we have at present no superior horse on the turf, which does not boast It is also asserted that, about the period in ques- the blood of the Godolphin Arabian; so it may be tion, Sir William St. Quintin, of Scampston, im-asserted that we have no superior short-horns ported bulls and cows from Holland, which were which do not claim descent nearly, or remotely, crossed with the stock of the country. It would from Hubback; because Hubback was the sire of tend to little advantage to proceed with conjec- the dam of Mr. Charles Colling's bull, Foljambe, tures, as to what other breeds were resorted to, if any; this much is certain, that great improvement was soon manifested, and a valuable variety established, as the two following instances will prove. Mr. Milbank, of Birmingham, one of the leading improvers, bred and slaughtered an ox, which, at five years old, weighed, the four quarters, one hundred and fifty stones, of fourteen pounds to the stone, producing sixteen stones of tallow; and a cow bred from his stock, slaughtered by Mr. Sharter, of Chilton, at twelve years old, weighed upwards of one hundred and ten stones.

From Mr. Milbank's time, the Tecswater cattle continued to sustain their excellence and celebrity in various hands, until Mr. Charles Colling adopted them, when he manifested a superiority of skill as a breeder, which, in a very brief period, secured him an ample fortune.

who was the grandsire of Favorite; and there can be no doubt that there has not been for many years any superior short-horn who was not descended from Favorite. Mr. Charles Colling is said to have considered that the bull Foljambe was the one who did his stock the greatest good; and this is not improbable, as Foljambe was the sire both of the sire and dam of Favorite. Hubback, however, must have been a remarkably good animal, and considering the short time during which he was used as a bull, proved himself a firstrate stock-getter.

The following account of Hubback we had from Mr. Waistell, or Alinill, who, although his name does not appear conspicuously in the 'Short-Horned Herd Book,' deserves much credit for his discrimination here. He used to admire this calf, as he rode almost daily by the meadow in which it grazed; and at length he attempted to purchase it from the owner. The price asked, £8, seemed much for a calf not a year old; and the reputation of the short-horns not being yet established, the bargain was not struck. Still he longed for the

Colling near the place, he asked his opinion of the animal. Mr. Colling acknowledged that there were some good points about him; but there was something in his manner of acknowledging this, which induced Mr. Waistell to suspect that Mr. Colling thought somewhat more highly of the calf than his language expressed, and, therefore, he hastened the next morning, concluded the bargain, and paid the money. He had scarcely done so before Mr. R. Colling arrived for the same purpose, and as the two farmers rode home together, they agreed that it should be a joint speculation.

Whatever had been the merits of the Teeswater cattle, it is certain Mr. Colling greatly improved them; and though it has been asserted that his success was the result of chance, arising from the possession of an animal, with the merits of which, it is supposed, he was at one period un-young beast; and happening to meet Mr. Robert acquainted, the writer of this article is of opinion that Mr. Colling's success resulted from a deliberate and well-considered plan. He found the Teeswater, like all other extravagantly large cattle, frequently of loose make and disproportion. He was sensible, also, of the difficulty of breeding, with anything like certainty, large good animals; and though he has declined on all occasions to throw any light on his views and proceedings, the writer thinks he can detect, in the very outset, and through the progress of his practice, a resolution to reduce the size of this breed, and at the same time, and by that means, to improve its form. This he is supposed to have effected, in the first instance, through the medium of a bull, called "Hubback," an animal respecting which there has been much controversy, principally touching the purity of his blood, a question now of little importance, because it is admitted on all hands that Mr. Colling adopted another cross, which prevails

Some months passed by, and either Mr. Waistell's admiration of the calf a little cooled or his partner did not express himself very warmly about the excellencies of the animal, and Messrs. Waistell and R. Colling transferred young Hubback to Mr. C. Colling; who, with the quick eye of an experienced breeder, saw the value of the little beast. Mr. Waistell expressed to us (Octo

ber, 1832) his regret (natural enough) at having | short-horns as the Galloway. They were calculabeen induced to part with the sire of the short-ted, by their deep massive frames and short legs, horns, and his extreme disappointment that when Hubback began to cover, Mr. Charles Colling confined him to his own stock, and would not let him serve even one of Mr. Waistell's cows.

After the use of this bull, Mr. Charles Colling proceeded with singular success to produce, from time to time, superior animals; and the number of bulls he disposed of by letting was highly encouraging. But the circumstance which brought the improved short-horns into most extensive notice was the production of the "Durham Ox," an animal which speaks volumes in favor of even a single cross of this blood; for the ox was the produce of a common cow, which had been put to "Favorite." At five years old, the Durham ox was sold to Mr. Bulmer, of Harmby, near Bedale, for public exhibition, at the price of £140; this was in February, 1801. He was at that time computed to weigh 168 stones, of 14lb, his live weight being 216 stones; and this extraordinary weight did not arise from his superior size, but from the excessive ripeness of his points. Mr. Bulmer having obtained a carriage for his conveyance, travelled with him five weeks, and then sold him and the carriage. at Rotherham, to Mr. John Day, on the 14th May, 1801, for £250.

On the 14th of May, Mr. Day could have sold him for

£. s. d.

to bring the short-horns nearer the ground, and to dispose their weight in a more compact manner: their hardy habits would be essentially useful, and the quality of their flesh and hair were such as to render the experiment still more safe. Add to this, that they could be obtained of a red color, and we are prepared to admit, even without the sanction of a successful experiment, that they were admirably adapted to cross with the short-horn, standing frequently too high from the ground, not very well ribbed home, and not seldom of loose, disjointed frame.

To this breed Mr. Colling resolved to resort; and though at the time when he did so, the event was regarded with some degree of ridicule by the pure blood advocates, and comments passed which would have deterred ordinary men from the exercise of their judgment, Mr. Colling persisted,

He was much favored by circumstances in promoting his object, which was to take one cross, and then breed back to the short-horn,—the only course, by the way, in which crossing can be successfully adopted. To breed from the produce of a cross directly among themselves will lead to the results which have induced many persons, without due consideration, to believe conclusive against crossing; but to take one cross, and then return and adhere to one breed, will, in the course of a few generations, be found to stamp a variety with sufficient certainty.

525 0 0 On the 13th of June, for 1000 0 0 Mr. Colling's short-horned bull Bolingbroke On the 8th of July, for 2000 0 0 was put to a beatiful red-polled Galloway cow, Mr. Day travelled with him nearly six years, and the produce, being a bull-call, was. in due through the principal parts of England and Scot-time, put to Johanna, a pure short-horn,-she also land, till at Oxford, on the 19th February, 1807, the ox dislocated his hip-bone, and continued in that state till the 15th April, when he was obliged to be slaughtered; and, notwithstanding he must have lost considerably in weight, during these eight weeks of illness, his carcass weighed―

Four quarters
Tallow

Hide

Imp. stones. lbs.

265

12

11

10

2
2

produced a bull-calf. This grandson of Bolingbroke was the sire of the cow, Lady, by another pure short-horned dam, and from Lady has sprung the highly valuable family of improved short-horns, termed, in reproach, the alloy. How far the alloy was derogatory, let facts testify.*

It will probably be admitted that the prejudice against this cross was at the highest at the time of Mr. Charles Colling's sale. The blood had then been little, if at all, introduced to other stocks, and it was manifestly the interest, whatever might This was his weight at eleven years old, under be the inclination, of the many breeders who had all the disadvantages of travelling in a jolting car-it not, to assume high ground for the pure blood, riage, and eight weeks of painful illness. Had he been kept quietly at Ketton, and fed till seven years old, there is little doubt but he would have weighed more than he did at ten years old, at which age Mr. Day stated his live weight to have been nearly thirty-four hundred weight, or two hundred and seventy stones, from which if fifty be taken for offal, it leaves the weight of the car-ther daughter four years old, for two hundred and cass two hundred and twenty stones.

and to depreciate the alloy. Under these untoward circumstances for the alloy, what said public opinion, unequivocally certified by the stroke of the auctioneer's hammer? Lady, before-mentioned at fourteen years old, sold for two hundred and six guineas. Countess, her daughter, nine years old, for four hundred guineas. Laura, ano

ten guineas. Major and George, two of her sons, It is a well ascertained fact, that, during his ca- the former three years old, the latter a calf, for two reer as a breeder, Mr. Colling tried several expe- hundred guineas and one hundred and thirty; beriments in crossing, and the breeds to which he side a number of others, more remotely descended resorted on these occasions, being very considera- from Lady, which all sold at high prices; in fact, bly smaller than the short-horns, this circum-in a sale of forty-eight lots, realizing £7115 178. stance tends to corroborate the writer's opinion Lady and her decendants sold for a larger sum that he considered it desirable to reduce their size. than any other family obtained. The cross with the Kyloe led to no results worthy enumeration, but that with the polled Galloway Favorite: and as the grandson of Bolingbroke is not *The dam of Lady was also the dam of the bull must not be passed over without comment. Be-known to have been the sire of any other remarkably fore stating the circumstances attending this expe- good animal, it is most probable that the unquestiona riment, it may be proper to observe that no breed ble merit of Lady and her descendants is to be attri of cattle promised so successful a cross with the buted more to her dam than to her sire.-Edit. VOL. VII-44

As a specimen of the alloy, the reader is re- tention to his particular object; and if one object ferred to Mr. Berry's cow. She gives a moderate be allowed a paramount importance in the breedquantity of particularly rich milk. er's estimation and practice, other objects will suffer in proportion as they are neglected.

It would answer no useful purpose, and would certainly be an objectionable course, to bring un- The improvement in the carcass of the shortder particular notice any one or more of the highly horns has been so surprising, and so justly valued, valuable stocks of improved short-horns of the that many persons have allowed that completely present day. To enumerate all would be impossi-to occupy their attention, and the dairy has been ble; and the writer of this account would most stu- disregarded. In such a state of things, every addiously avoid any partial or invidious comparison. vance towards one point has been tantamount to The same objection does not, however, exist as to receding from another; because the same proa remote period; and it is but justice to state that ceeding which tends to enhance a particular qualMr. Robert Colling, brother of Mr. Charles, (who ity, will also enhance a defect, provided such decertainly was the leader, and surpassed all compe- fect, was of previous existence. titors in the improvement of the short-horns,) Mr. This may be rendered more intelligible by a short Charge, of Newton, near Darlington, and Mr. illustration. Suppose half a dozen animals to be Mason, of Chilton, in the county of Durham, selected in consequence of their possessing a parwere only second to Mr. Charles Colling in his in-ticular quality; which quality it is proposed, on a teresting and useful pursuit. Mr. Mason started certain established principle of breeding, to inearly with animals derived, it is believed, from crease and render almost permanent by their union. Mr. Colling, in the very commencement of his Suppose the animals so selected to come from the career; and Mr. Charge, who had long possessed hands of breeders who have neglected the milka most valuable stock of Teeswater cattle, had at ing property; the certain consequence will be, an early period crossed them with Mr. Colling's that the very union which developes and secures best bulls, and was one of the spirited purchasers the desired object will tend, on the same princiof Comet, at a thousand guineas. Mr. Mason's ple, to increase the defect as to milk. In late successful sale sufficiently stamps the value short, it will render it habitual in the produce. of his stock at that period, but it is generally ad- But this illustration, by a selection, is supposing mitted, the system of crossing with other herds, too much for the probable state of the case. The which he had of late years judiciously adopted, objections which exist among breeders, for vaproved highly instrumental in restoring those quali- rious and some cogent reasons, against crossing ties in his own, which too close breeding had in with the stocks of each other, unavoidably lead to some degree threatened to deprive them of. the practice of breeding in-and-in; which, in case of any original deficiency of the milking property, must unquestionably go on to render that deficiency greater. It is hence evident that bad milking, in a breed of animals which were ever distinguished as good milkers, is not a necessary consequence of improvement in the animal in other respects, but a consequence of the manner in which such improvement is pursued. This the writer considers to be the reasoning properly applicable to the subject; which happily also admits of a satisfactory appeal to facts; and he is strictly justified in Mr. Coates fell into an error, but too common, asserting that improved short-horns, inferior to and generally equally fatal: he fancied his own none for the grazier, may always be selected and stock the best, and disdained to cross them with bred with the most valuable dairy properties. PerMr. Colling's; which, as others afterwards proved, haps a more plentiful and steady milker than the would have been a most judicious proceeding. dam of Mr. Berry's bull, never stood over a pail, The consequence was, Mr. Colling's sale having and few such carcasses of beef have been exhibisettled the public judgment and taste, Mr. Coates' ted as hers, when an accident rendered it requistock fell into disrepute. If an apology be requi- site to only half-feed her. The bull himself has site for this statement of an undeniable fact, it will an extraordinary disposition to carry flesh, and his be found in the utility of holding up such an ex-calves are let down in the udders like miniature ample as a caution to those who may be in dan-cows. In fact, all the bull's family are excellent ger of falling into a similar error. for the pail, and the quickest possible feeders. The In the commencement of this account, however writer has known many instances of the highest it was stated that they possess a combination of bred short-horns giving upwards of four gallons qualities, hitherto considered incompatible. It (wine measure) of milk, night and morning; and will be obvious that the dispositon to feed ra- it is certain that attention only is requisite, on the pidly, in union with dairy qualifications, is here part of the breeder, to perpetuate this quality in intended. any desirable extent. While on this subject, it is It might have the appearance of an intention to proper to observe, that the excessive quantities of depreciate other breeds of cattle, were an inquiry milk obtained from the unimproved short-horns instituted how the very general impression came are seldom or ever obtained from the improved; to be entertained that animals disposed to fatten but a moderately good milker of the latter kind rapidly seldom give much milk. It is unquestion-will be found to yield as much butter in the week, ably true, that every perfection in cattle-whether as one of the former: the milk being unquestionait be one of form, of quality of flesh, of disposi-bly of very superior quality; and indeed, it was tion to fatten, or to yield milk-can be promoted likely such should be the case, and that the artifiand retained solely by the breeder's devoted at- cial change in the animal economy, which leads to

It would be unfair, on this occasion, to omit mention of a veteran breeder, to whom the advocates for the preservation of pedigree are indebted for the Short-horn Herd Book-Mr. George Coates. He is now one of the oldest authorities on the subject in existence, and was once the possessor of a very superior race of short-horns, hough somewhat coarse. Portraits have been preserved of some very fine animals bred by him; and he had the solid satisfaction to dispose of his bull Patriot for five hundred guineas.

an excessive secretion of flesh and fat, should also be productive of other rich secretions. Within the last three or four years, affidavits were sworn before a magistrate in America, that an improved short-horned cow, imported thither, produced afier the rate of 20 lb. of butter per week.

nearly 21. per cow per year more for the half and three-quarter breds, than they would give for cows of other breeds.

Wherever the improved short-horns have been crossed with other eattle, their superiority is equally manifest, in respect of dairy qualifications, as in every other. On this subject the writer is able to avail himself of the evidence of a gentleman who has addressed a communication on the subject to the conductor of the British Farmer's Magazine, which is so pertinent to the present subject that the temptation to take an extract is irresistible. It is as follows: "In the 27th number of your valuable magazine, when giving an account of my two-years-old steer, you also give an extract from my letter on the advantages of cross-improvement. ing cows of different breeds with improved shorthorn bulls; and in confirmation of this opinion, (not hastily adopted, but the result of several years practical experience, and a close attention to the experiments of several friends during the last seventeen years,) I send you the portrait and a short account of a two-year old Durham and Devon heifer of mine, lately slaughtered by Mr. William Daniel, of Abergavenny, and accompany it with a few brief statements of the advantages derived from this system by several of my own personal friends.

"This heifer was the second cross, and was of a light gray color. She weighed 35 scores and 8 lb.; rough fat, 98 lb.; she was allowed to be the fattest and best beast of her age, in all points, ever seen in Abergavenny. She had a dead calf about six weeks before Christmas; was dried the 17th of January, and killed the 10th of June. She sold for £19 3s. 6d.

"Her live weight, on the 8th of June, was

Ditto, on the 17th January

Increase in 140 days

1232 lbs.

840

392

"Being aware that strong prejudice and much incredulity existed on the subject of crossing, I courted the attention of all the respectable farmers, breeders, and feeders in this neighborhood. Many came to see her when first put up, and repeatedly afterwards during the five months she was feeding; and they all concurred in saying she went on faster than any beast they had ever seen. She never had any oil-cake.

"I have seen many excellent beasts bred from improved short-horn bulls and long-horn cows: indeed I never knew one of these bulls put to any cow, where the produce was not superior to the dam; but the cross which I advocate, and with which I am best acquainted, is that with the Devon cow. I have uniformly remarked, that each succeeding cross was attended with a proportionate improvement in size, quality of flesh, and aptitude to fatten. In every instance they have shown themselves superior milkers, and tand to the pail till within six or eight weeks of calving; and several instances have come under my own knowledge where they have never been dry since they first calved; and so highly are they prized as milkers, that a friend of mine, who hired out dairies, informed me that the dairymen gave him

"A friend of mine had about a dozen North Devon cows, small in size, but nice in quality, and from these he commenced, about twenty years since, breeding with short-horn bulls. He has since invariably used those bulls. With each succeeding cross the stock have rapidly improved in every essential, and the only trace of the Devons which I could preceive when I last saw them, about two years since, was a peculiar richness in their color. He breeds about thirty annually, and generally sells his three-years-old, in the autumn, at £17 to £22; and I have known him to sell incalf heifers to jobbers in fairs as high as 30 guineas each. All his stock are superior milkers. Here we have twenty years' experiment and continued "Within the last eight years I have sent many North Devon heifers to Ireland, to friends residing in different counties, and some of them occupying land of very inferior quality. I also sent over two young Durham bulls, from the stock of the Rev. Henry Berry, to cross them with. They have all crossed them with short-horn bulls at my recommendation, and the accounts they give are most satisfactory. They say the two-years old halfbreds are as good as the three-years old Devons, and are all good milkers. One of these bulls, by Mr. Berry's Mynheer, has been four times exhibited in three different counties, and has each time taken the first prize. He was last year sold for 60 guineas, and is now serving cows at £1 each. C. H. BOLTON.

"Brynderry, near Abergavenny."

An opinion generally prevails that the shorthorns are unfitted for work; and in some respects it is admitted they are so; but the correct reason has not been assigned, and the question may fairly come briefly under notice. That they are willing and able to work, the writer knows, from one in particular among many instances. He has now a team of two-years old steers, working constantly nine hours a day; a system he would by no means recommend, and forced on him by circumstances connected with entrance on a new farm, at present ill adapted to grazing cattle. They work admirably; but surely cattle which, as the preceding account proves, will go as profitably to the butcher at two years old as any other breed at three, and as many even at four, ought never, as a general rule, to be placed in the yoke. No beast in the present advanced state of breeding, ought to be put upon a system which arose out of the necessity of obtaining compensation by work for the loss attending a tardy maturity. But where it may be convenient, the short-horns, particularly the bulls, work admirably, as their great docility promises; and there are many operations going on in every farm which a bull would be judiciously employed in performing. And as the bulls of this breed are apt to become useless, from acquiring too much flesh in a state of confinement, moderate work might, in most case, prove beneficial for such as are intended for use at home.

With deference, however, it is submitted to the breeders of short-horns that they should avoid breeding from too close affinities, and while they steer clear of coarseness, should require a sufficiency of masculine character in their males.