HARLES FRANCOIS DUMOURIEZ was boru at Cambria, in 1739. His father was commissary in the army, and was also an author and a poet. Dumouriez entered the army at an early age, and served in Ger many during the Seven Years' War. After the peace of Paris, 1763, he travelled about Europe, offering his services to several states: he visited Corsica, and afterwards Spain and Portugal, and wrote an essay on the military situation and resources of the latter kingdom. Having returned to France, he was appointed quartermaster-general to the French expedition for the conquest of Corsica, 1768-9. He was afterwards sent to Poland on a mission to the confederates of Bar, with whom he made the campaign of 1771 against Russia. He was afterwards sent by Louis XV. on a confidential message to Sweden, in the same manner as the Chevalier D'Eon, Count Broglie, and others, who were sent to England and other countries, and who corresponded directly with the king without the intervention of his ministers. The ministers, however, became jealous of Dumouriez, and found means to arrest him at Hamburg, whence he was brought back to Paris, under a lettre de cachet, and lodged in the Bastile.

He was released by Louis XVI. on his coming to the throne, and restored to his rank of colonel. In 1778, he was sent to Cherbourg to form

there a great naval establishment, connected with the proposed invasion of England, and he furnished the ministry with plans for the conquest of the island of Jersey, Guernsey, and Wight. At the beginning of the revolution he took the popular side, and became connected with the Girondins, by whose interest he was appointed minister of foreign affairs, in which capacity he prevailed on the king to declare war against Austria, in April, 1792. Soon after he left office, upon the dismissal of the other Girondin ministers, Roland, Servan, Claviere, &c. Dumouriez had now become afraid of the violence of the revolutionary movement; the Jacobins hated him, and even the Girondins grew cool towards him. Like Lafayette, he professed his attachment to the constitutional monarchy of 1791, which the others had given up. He withdrew himself, however, from internal politics, and went to serve under General Luckner on the northern frontiers. After the 10th of August, he was appointed to replace Lafayette in the command of the army, which was opposed to the Duke of Brunswick The army was disorganized, but Dumouriez soon re-established order and confidence; he obtained a series of partial but brilliant successes, which checked the advance of the Prussians; and, lastly, he made a determined stand in the forest of Argonne, which he styled the Thermopyle of France, by which means he gave time to Kellerman and other generals to come up with fresh divisions, and give battle to the Prussians at Valmy, 20th of September, 1792, an engagement which was won by Kellerman. It is generally allowed that Dumouriez's stand at Argonne was the means of saving France from a successful invasion.

At the end of October, Dumouriez began his campaign of Flanders; gained the battle of Jemmapes against the Austrians, 5th and 6th of November; took Liege, Antwerp, and a great part of Flanders, but, on account of some disagreement with Pache, the minister at war, he was obliged to return to Paris during the trial of Louis XVI. After the execution of the king, Dumouriez returned to his head-quarters, determined to support, on the first opportunity, the re-establishment of the constitutional monarchy under the son of Louis. Meantime, he pushed on with his army, entered Holland, and took Breda, and other places, but being obliged, by the advance of Prince Cobourg, to retire, he experienced a partial defeat at Neerwinde, and again at Louvain. Meantime, he had displeased the convention by opposing its oppressive decrees concerning the Belgians, and he wrote a strong letter on the subject to that assembly, on the 12th of March, which, however, was not publicly read. Danton, Lacroix, and other commissioners of the convention came successively to his head-quarters to watch and remonstrate with him, but he openly told them that a republic in France was only another name for anarchy, and that the only means of saving the country, was to re-establish the constitutional monarchy of 1791. Dumouriez entered into secret negotiations with Prince Cobourg,

by which he was allowed to withdraw his army unmolested to the frontiers of France, and also his garrisons and artillery which he had left in Holland, and which were cut off by the advance of the enemy. These favourable conditions were granted by Cobourg, on the understanding that Dumouriez should exert himself to re-establish the constitutional monarchy in France. Dumouriez retired quietly to Tournay, and evacuating Belgium, withdrew within the French frontiers, where he placed his head-quarters at St. Amand, 30th of March, 1793. He was now accused of treason at Paris: the convention passed a decree summoning him to their bar, and four commissioners, with Camus at their head, came to St. Amand, to announce to him the summons. Dumouriez replied, that he was ready to resign the command, if the troops consented, but he would not go to Paris to be butchered. After a violent altercation, he gave the commissioners in charge to some hussars, and sent them over to the Austrian general Clairfait, at Tournay, to be detained as hostages.

His design was now to march upon Paris, but his troops, and especially the volunteers, refusing, he was obliged to take refuge, himself, with a few officers, at the Austrian head-quarters, April, 1793. He there found out that his plan of a constitutional monarchy was disavowed by the allies, and in consequence he refused to serve in the Austrian army against his country. He wandered about various towns of Germany, treated with suspicion, and annoyed by the royalist emigrants, who hated him as a constitutionalist, while in France the Convention offered a reward of three hundred thousand francs for his head. Having crossed over to England, he was obliged to depart under the alien act, and took refuge at Hamburgh, where he remained for several years, and wrote his memoirs, and several political pamphlets. In 1804 or 1805, he obtained permission to come to England, where he afterwards chiefly resided. He is said to have furnished plans to the British and Portuguese governments for the operations of the peninsular war; and he received a pension from the British government, upon which he lived to a very advanced age. It is remarkable, that after the restoration he was not recalled to France by Louis XVIII. In 1821, he wrote a plan of defence for the Neapolitan constitutionalists. He died in March, 1823, at Turville Park, near Henley-upon-Thames, at the age of eighty-four.

OHN KNOX, the hero of the reformation in Scotland, was born in 1505, at Gifford, near Haddington. "His ancestors, (says the Rev. Patrick Maxwell, of Kilbarchan,) were originally proprietors of the land of Knock, in the parish of Renfrew, whence the family derived the surname of the Knocks, or Knox. They afterwards obtained the lands of Craigend and Ranfurly, both in this parish, and resided long at the Castle of Ranfurly." He was educated at the university of St. Andrews, where he took the degree of A. M., and commenced. teacher very early in life.

At this time the new religion of Martin Luther was but little known in Scotland; Mr. Knox, therefore, at first was a zealous Roman catholic: but attending the sermons of a black friar, named Guialliam, he began to waver in his opinions; and afterwards conversing with the famous Wishart, who, in 1544, came to Scotland with the commissioners sent by Henry VIII., he renounced the Romish religion, and became a zealous reformer. Being appointed tutor to the sons of the lairds of Ormistoun and Lang Niddery, he began to instruct them in the principles of the Protestant religion; and on that account was so violently persecuted by the Bishop of St.

Andrews, that with his two pupils he was obliged, in 1547, to take shelter in the castle of that place. But the castle was besieged and taken by twentyone French galleys. He continued a prisoner on board a galley two years, till the end of 1549; when being set at liberty, he landed in England, and having obtained a license, was appointed preacher, first at Berwick, and afterwards at Newcastle. Strype conjectures that in 1552, he was appointed chaplain to Edward VI. He certainly obtained an annual pension of £40, and was offered the living of All-hallows in London; which he refused, not choosing to conform to the liturgy. Soon after the accession of Queen Mary I., he retired to Geneva; whence he removed to Frankfort, where he preached to the exiles; but a difference arising, on account of his refusing to read the English liturgy, he went back to Geneva; and thence, in 1555, returned to Scotland, where the reformation had made considerable progress during his absence. He now travelled from place to place, preaching and exhorting the people with unremitting zeal and resolution. About this time he wrote a letter to the queen regent, earnestly entreating her to hear the Protestant doctrine, which she treated with con tempt. In 1556, he was invited by the English Calvinists at Geneva to reside among them. He accepted their invitation. Immediately after his departure from Scotland, the bishop summoned him, and he not appearing, condemned him to death for heresy, and burnt his effigy at the cross of Edinburgh. He continued abroad till 1559, during which time he published his "First blast against the monstrous regiment of women." Being now returned to Scotland, he resumed the great work of reformation with his usual ardour, and was appointed minister at Edinburgh. In 1561, Queen Mary arrived from France, and being bigoted to the religion in which she had been educated, was exposed to continual insults from her reformed subjects. Mr. Knox himself frequently insulted her from the pulpit; and when admitted to her presence, regardless of her sex, and her high rank, behaved to her with a most unjustifiable freedom. In 1571, he was obliged to leave Edinburgh, on account of the confusion and danger from the opposition to the Earl of Lenox, then regent; but he returned in 1572, and resumed his pastoral functions. He died at Edinburgh, in November, 1572, and was buried in the churchyard of St. Giles's, in that city. His History of the Reformation was printed with his other works at Edinburgh, in 1584, 1586, 1644, 1732. He published many other pieces; and several more are preserved in Calderwood's History of the Church of Scotland. He left also a considerable number of manuscripts, which, in 1732, were in the possession of Mr. Woodrow, minister of Eastwood. His character is thus drawn by Dr. Robertson. "Zeal, intrepidity, disinterestedness, were virtues that he possessed in an eminent degree. He was acquainted too with the learning cultivated in that age; and excelled in that species of eloquence which is calculated to rouse and to inflame. His