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1 therefore cannot help feeling very sorry to see A bullfinch in the neighbourhood having been and Virginia, praying the aid of the federal goso many scores, and so many hundreds of English kept in a cage for several years, has lost the vernment towards the improvement of the navifarmers, still persist in using a great number of original colors of its plumage entirely. Some gation of the river Potomac, have according to animals in dragging ploughs of a bad construc-time ago it became dull and sickly, and beginning order, attentively considered the object of the tion. I do not know that I have ever seen alto cast its feathers, the moulting and metamor- memorialists, and beg leave to submit to the plough better calculated for turning a furrow than phosing process continued till now its liveliness House of Representatives, in relation thereto, Mr. Small's; I mean his modern chain ploughs. is resumed ; but its color all over is a jet black.- the following REPORT:But though a good plough be a very good thing Montrose Chronicle. That, by the concurrent acts of the Legislaon a farm, a good ploughman is a great deal betSWIMMING MATCH.-Thursday a swimming tures of Maryland and Virginia, a company ter. The setting of the irons, regulation of the match took place in the Serpentine River, be- were incorporated in the year seventeen hundred traces, collars, and other harness, with skilful tween Mr. F. O. Martin, the celebrated Notting- and eighty-four, on the recommendation of Gedriving, are of the utmost consequence; one man ham swimmer, and Mr. T. P. Ramsden of high neral George Washington, for the improvement may plough with much less fatigue to himself swimming repute at Rochford. The match was of the navigation of the river Potomac, and its and horses, than another, though with the same for fifty guineas to swim four times up and down principal branches, above tide water. The sevenimplement, for when a plough is properly set, the river. It was well contested for some time, teenth and eighteenth sections of this act prescrithe draught should go in a certain angle from the Mr. Ramsden keeping the lead; but on turning bed the conditions upon which the tolls granted plough-foot to the horse's shoulder; so that the round for the last time he grew tired, and was to the company should be exacted, and a limitahorses do actually lift the plough and furrow, rather than drag forward a dead weight. Το passed in grand stile by his antagonist, who won tion to the duration of their charter. By a supconvince a ploughman of this, let him take a full R. sunk when within five yards of the winnning] the match amidst the shouts of thousands. Mr. plimentary act those conditions were modified, and the period limited for the completion of the bag of corn by the mouth, and he will drag it post, but was immediately rescued by a water- navigation of the river, in the mode prescribed, across the floor with tolerable ease; but tie a long rope to the mouth of the bag, and be at the man; he soon recovered, and was able to walk has been from time to time, extended by subsequent laws of Maryland and Virginia. far end of the rope, it will break his heart to No legal inquiry has ever been regularly exPEDESTRIAN FEAT.-On Tuesday last Thodrag it but a few yards: this case is not exactly ecuted, so far as your committee are informed, in similar, but it is near enough. Hence the attach-mas Peters, a broken down soldier, having no order to ascertain whether the "Potomac Compaing of wheels to ploughs is founded upon ignor-employ, undertook to run 16 miles in two hours, ny have complied with the terms of their charter." ance, and calculated to promote ignorance and with no other hope of reward than what the ob- After the expenditure of their subscribed stock, idleness in the ploughman. I grant, that a pair servers chose to contribute. The distance was to the amount of $311,555; of the tolls of more of wheels would do a deal of good in helping the marked out on the Tewkesbury road, one quar- than twenty years' collection; and of the farbag of corn across the floor; but carrying the ter of a mile out and one quarter of a mile in. ther sum of $174,000, borrowed by the company plough across the field is not ploughing the field; He started precisely at four o'clock, and perform-of the state of Maryland, of the banks of the for it is very evident, that the more a wheel be-ed the first nine miles in 59 minutes; the last District of Columbia, and of private individuals, comes useful to a plough, the worse the construc-seven he completed in 48 minutes; thus running it is universally acknowledged that the navigation of the plough must be: the irons of such the 16 miles in 13 minutes within the two hours. tion of the river is most defective. plough must be forever endeavouring to get into the The collection for the poor fellow was but small. In all this period the stockholders have receivcentre of the earth, and the wheels as constantly Cheltenham Chronicle. ed but one inconsiderable dividend; and their endeavouring to bring them to the surface; for On Friday a person walked from Chertsey to stock will not command in the market, where, my part, I should as soon think of having a pair the market house in Guilford (a distance of however, it is seldom found, a moiety of its of wheels to my scythe, as to my plough. Where twelve miles), in two hours, for a wager of £ 50. nominal value. soils are light, the difference is not so much per- He appeared rather distressed on entering the It is, in fine, now ascertained, that, without ceived, because the draught, though greater than town, but had five minutes to spare on comple- further and very considerable aid from the states it need be, is still moderate; but it is a great ting the distance. immediately interested in the navigation of the pity that farmers on stiff soils, should imitate The second steeple-chase match between Cap- Potomac, or from the general government, their example. A great broad-wheeled wagon tain Smith and Mr. Honywood took place on the great object sought to be attained by the with eight huge horses, may shew that the own-Tuesday from Hawthorne-wood, Surry, to Kings-improvement of that navigation-a commercial er is a person of consequence, but will never, lake, for 200 guineas aside. The distance is 20 intercourse, through this channel, between the in my opinion, shew his sense, as a carrier of miles. It was done by Mr. Honywood in one western and Atlantic states, will be entirely degoods to the best advantage. To conclude, the hour aud twenty-nine minutes over a rough coun-feated.

two-horse ploughs cost less in horses, provender, try. Captain Smith took a circuit through Crane- Will the Congress of the United States interhands, harness, and repairs of all sorts; but the wood, and swam across the Beddel river, his pose, and have they the power to prevent a retime and trouble of the ploughman to feed, clean, adversary keeping the high ground in the direction sult so deplorable?

An awful instance of sudden death occurred a

ry and policy of the federal government, with their practical illustration by the structure of the Cumberland road, would seem almost to

harness, and unharness, the long teams, ought not of Leith Hill. Each had many leaps. The Cap- A hasty survey of the general, map of the Unito be left out; besides the double, triple, and qua-tain lost the match by about a quarter of a mile, ted States, and a brief recurrence to the theodruple chance of accidents; for if even one horse his horse refusing to leap a hedge. wants to make water, the whole team must wait on him: add to this, that a long train of horses walking up every furrow, batters the subsoil like few days since near Worthing. A gentleman of supercede the necessity of any comment from the bottom of an artificial fish-pond, so that the the name of Home, having occasion to paint his your committee on the importance of the navicommunication between the bowels of the earth house, incautiously remained in it, contrary to gation of the Potomac, or the power of Conand the atmosphere is completely blockaded, the advice of his friends, during the time the gress to provide for its improvement. and the soil on the surface is as it were, spread One of its southern branches, itself a consiupon a floor of ice, so cold and damp is the pud-seized with vomitings, and complained of a gidmen were employed. On the fourth day he was derable river, rises to the southwest of Staunton, died mass. In short, I look upon good ploughing diness in the head. A physician was immediate-in Virginia, and is capable of connecting, by anaas the first step towards good farming, and the ly sent for, but before he could arrive, the unfor-vigable canal, the geographical centre of that depth of a farmer's judgment may be measured tunate man was senseless. Every means which state, in territory the largest of the Union, with by the depth of his plough furrow. medical skill could devise were tried for his re- the market towns of the District of Columbia. covery, but without effect. He has left a wife Emptying into the Potomac above the chief oband two child ren to lament his untimely death.

I am, Sir, your very humble servant,

A GALLAWATER PLOUGHMAN.

NAVIGATION OF THE POTOMAC.

structions of its navigation, the Shenandoah, like those navigable streams which descend from the northwest, through the limestone valleys of Maryland and Pennsylvania, depends, for an outlet to the ocean, on the improvement of the

On Sunday se'nnight a lark, pursued by a hawk, lighted for shelter on a woman who was sitting in a field near Torthorwald. The hawk was so HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.-May 3, 1822. navigation of the main river to a considerable rapacious as to make several attempts on its in- Mr. MERCER delivered in the following Re-distance above tide water. These branches, tended prey before it could be driven off. The lark, port, which was read and ordered to lie on the when the stem shall have been improved, are capable of affording, with the Potomac, an inapparently sensible of the protection it had re table: ceived, remained with the woman, and is now The Committee of District of the Colum-ternal water communication, exceeding, in exlively and cheerful though, confined in a cage.-bia, to whom was referred sundry memorials tent, six hundred and fifty miles. Edinburgh star. The value of this navigation to the ample and from the inhabitants of Pennsylvania, Maryland,

AMERICAN FARMER.

fruitful territory washed by the tide, or drained ferring to the value of the commodities which than the latter, with the superior hazard of the by the tributary streams of this noble river-a have hitherto descended the Potomac. The ve- sea, augmented not a little by the peculiar cha territory comprehending four counties of Penn-ry origin of this report, in the present imperfect racter of the commodity itself. What would b sylvania, seven of Maryland, and eighteen of and hazardous navigation of the river, suggests the tolls upon the transportation of these neces Virginia-exceeding, in extent and population, an answer to this objection. It may be corro-sary and bulky commodities, beds of which, insome of the largest states of the Union, should borated by another; the tolls of a single turn- exhaustible in quantity, and excellent in qualinot be disregarded. It sinks, however, into pike, in length but thirty four miles, leading to ty, are found in the vicinity of each other, near comparative insignificance, when this river is the town of Alexandria, have exceeded in one the surface of the earth, and on the very mar contemplated as a necessary link of the shortest year twenty-five thousand dollars, or very near gin of the Potomac, if a navigable canal conchain of communication between the Atlantic a fourth of the annual interest of a sum suffici- nected Cumberland with Washington; and how and western states. which seated the federal government on the from its tide-water to the Cumberland road. with the progress of the population and wealth The enlightened policy ent to complete the navigation of the Potomac, rapidly would the demand for them increase banks of the Potomac, indicates its peculiar This great and costly work, itself, so ho- of the markets of the Chesapeake; The conadaption to this purpose; and nature has facili-nourable to the wisdom and beneficence of the sumption of salt, by which the east would pay, tated its accomplishment by a rupture of the ma- United States, awaits this improvement to yield in part, for these valuable minerals of the west, ny ranges of lofty mountains, including even the all that it has promised to the Union. great ridge of the Allegany, in the direction which such a purpose requires. It is no longer questionble land and by water, be properly estimated, the ed activity and profit to this intercourse. In the If the relative expense of transportation, by ny and its parallel ridges, would give increasin the extensive grazing country of the Allega but that the head waters of the Ohio may be completion of a canal, from the tide to Cum-channel of communication between the works of mingled with those of the Potomac, by a tunnel berland, would have the effect of approxima- Onondaga and the waters of the Ohio, this hea or subterranean canal, not exceeding two miles ting the seat of government to within a fewvy commodity is now subjected to a most cirin extent; and the produce of the soil and indus-miles of the Allegany; while the extension of cuitous water conveyance, by vessels of different try of the west, after ascending the Youghio- this canal, at some future period, would occa-capacities and drafts, and that transportation gany, find a safe and commodious channel; thence, sion that formidable barrier to disappear, in the itself is interrupted by several portages. to the valley of Savage Creek, and through it, intercourse of the eastern and western states. It the north branch, and the main river, to the is by such a canal that your committee propose ready been found in the mountains drained by the Chesapeake and the Atlantic. Iron every where abounds, and copper has alThe patriotism which exults in the approach-vigation of the Potomac. As this river affords hemp and flax, and the forests of oak and pine to supply the place of the present defective na- Potomac. Their valleys yield luxuriant crops of ing connexion of the Hudson with the northern the shortest water line of communication be- which climb their summits, are destined, it is to lakes; in the efforts of the Carolinas and Vir-tween the tide of the sea and the eastern base of be hoped, to supply future navies with the means ginia, to unite, by short portages, the sources the Allegany, so is its current the most rapid, of raising the blockade of the Chesapeake. of the Santee and Pedee with those of the Ten-when compared with that of the other great ri- It was by this channel of intercourse, imperfect

nessee, and of the Roanoke and James rivers with vers which have their sources in this chain of as it now is, that, during the late war, Louisiana the Great Kenawha, cannot but regard this mountains. Wherever the science of civil engin- supplied the Atlantic states with sugar; Tencentral river of the Union with peculiar inter-eering has been long and successfully applied to nessee with cotton; and Kentucky with saltpeNotwithstanding all its claims to general fa- that the use of the natural beds of wide and ra- this communication as perfect as it can be reninland navigation, your committee are assured tre, that necessary material of defence. Were vor, the Potomac is, however, exposed to the pid rivers has been superceded by a resort to dered, an enemy, who succeeded in closing

est.

serious disadvantage of being, throughout its navigable canals, extending along their margin, the mouth of the Mississippi, in order to paralyze whole course, the common boundary of states, and fed by their currents, until met by the tide. the industry of the west, would have, also, to win whose enterprise and resources are attracted to Without a recourse to this expedient, the as- from the fleets of the Union, the possession of other objects of internal improvement, some or cent of the Potomac by a loaded boat cannot be the Chesapeake. Through this channel, in case of all of which are rivals of this; and all its mar-overcome, it is believed, at an expense less than war with a formidable naval power, the west kets, once the property of those states, are by that which attends the transportation of equal would not only supply the east with the valuable the cession of the District of Columbia to the burdens over like distances, along the ordinary products of the Mississippi, but make its return general government, confided to the exclusive roads of the adjacent country. guardianship of Congress. With an almost boundless authority over the chargeable with double freight, exclusive of in- benville and the cutlery and glass of Pittsburg. quence must be, that every downward cargo is tures of Europe and Asia, in the cloths of SteuThe conse-for the wines of Africa and the various manufacDistrict of Columbia, the government of the surance against the repeated hazard to the boat Should such a war be as extensively conducted United States acquired new, urgent, and daily and the lives of those who guide it, of total des- on land as on the ocean, the cost of the conincreasing interests in the navigation of the Po-truction. tomac. In the rapid improvement and consequent se-ous, all bulky commodities are, of necessity, From a navigation, so impeded and so danger-States in a single campaign. curity of the seat of the Federal Government excluded, and yet, it is from the transportation of communication across the Allegany may be templated canal, would be saved by the United from foreign danger, are involved, not only the of such articles, that the chief part of the re-greatly improved, and rendered tributary to the Your committee are aware that other channels preservation of the property and lives of its in- venue of any canal is derived. In the table of general welfare of the United States, both in habitants, the accommodation and comfort of tolls, annexed to this report, it is apparent that peace and war; in the latter, by the additional seits numerous public functionaries, but, in no the entire estimate of the commodities which as-curity which they would afford to the commerce of small degree, the national character and honour. cend the Potomac, although they comprise a the interior, and by the vigour which they would The most deplorable calamity of the late war greater value in less bulk, bears but a very impart to all the operations of the Federal Govwould, doubtless, have been averted, had the small proportion to the amount of those which ernment for the common defence. On the other capitol of the United States been encompassed descend the river; while these must be regard-hand, it will readily be conceded, notwithstanding by the dense population of a large city-by such ed as of very inconsiderable value, when com- the preference which may be given, by local ina population as would unquestionably succeed pared with the numerous and diversified pro- terests, to other objects of internal improvement; the contemplated improvement of the naviga- ductions of the extensive and fertile country that whatever facilities the commercial, social, tion of the Potomac. And if sordid views may which should find its market on the banks of and political connexion between the remote exbe allowed to mingle with considerations of such this river. inestimable consequence, it may be added that, with the growth of the numbers and opulence defective navigation of the Potomac, that the have the same propitious influence, as would reCan it be owing to any other cause than the of so vast a republic as the United States, must tremes, and the seat of the General Government of a great commercial emporium, would, of ne-buildings of Washington are cemented with the sult, were it otherwise practicable, from contractcessity, arise a corresponding appreciation of the lime of Rhode Island, and warmed, in winter, ing the extent of its territory, without reducing value of all the disposeable public lands in the with the mineral coal of James river? The last the number, impairing the wealth, or abridging city of Washington; consisting of more than is dug and raised, at much cost, transported the comfort and happiness of its people. To all five thousand vacant lots, and now computed at twelve miles over land to the port of shipment, the friends of liberty in America, who regard the near two millions of dollars, it is not unreasona- and thence conveyed by a circuitous navigation state government as essential parts of the reble to suppose that their value would be quadru-of five hundred more to the District of Colum-publican system, erected on a scale so broad, as pled by a prospect of their early occupation and bia. The former is calcined by fuel of a value, to create alarm for its duration, or who, with ne improvement. Your committee are aware that this calcula-market, in which it is applied to various uses, bond alike of their freedom and independence, enhanced by its scarcity, and its vicinity to a less truth, regard the union of those states as the tion may be, indeed has been, impugned, by re-and it is afterwards transported, even farther every measure, which has the effect of diminish

ing the extent of the one, while it multiplies and public lots reserved for sale, a sum, receivable in glory of the United States; that while it accomstrengthens the ties of the other, must be viewed semiannual instalments, sufficient to complete the plishes this object in the short compass of three with earnest solicitude. But another inquiry re-entire work in three years, from the date of the years, its cost will be distributed over the reve mains-Has Congress the power to insure its first instalment. nue of eight and twenty; that this cost will be success? Referring to the annexed report of the chief greatly reduced by the credit which enables the So numerous and so various are the benefits ac-engineer of Virginia, and computing the total cost American Government to negociate its loans at so cruing to every nation from inland navigation, so of the contemplated canal at two millions and a low a rate of interest as four per cent; that, by urgently have the United States been invoked by half of dollars, your committee recommend that the completion of the entire work in so short a the character and genius of their institutions, to an amount of stock, in the capital of the Compa- period, that loss of interest on unproductive stock, diffuse their advantages over a territory, which ny, not exceeding half a million, be reserved to which most canal companies have encountered, nature has eminently fitted to receive them, that pay the debts of the Potomac Company, and to and which, in some similar enterprizes, has exa former Congress sanctioned, by their voice, a reimburse the present stockholders, including the ceeded the principal of their stock, will be presystem of internal improvement co-extensive with states of Maryland and Virginia; and that the vented; that if the dividends of the Potomac the wants of the nation. above loan be limited to two millions of dollars, Company shall, after the completion of the caYour committee are not unmindful of the im- and applied to defray the expense of the ad-nal, yield six per cent. per annum to the stockpediment which arrested the progress of that ditional works required to complete the canal. holders, they will, from that moment, have nosystem, and could not expect success in their pre- Your committee have reason to believe that thing further to pay for their stock; and after sent effort, in behalf of one of its objects, if the two millions of United States stock, bearing an the lapse of twenty-eight years, or possibly a proposition which they are about to submit interest of four per cent. payable semi-annually, shorter period, they will be found to have paid to the House of Representatives were liable to and irredeemable for twenty-eight years, could but nine per cent. of its par value, for a propersimilar objections. The committee have studi- be sold, in Europe or America, at par. To pro-ty which, in all human probability, will have ously sought to guard against their application, vide for the payment of the interest, and the final more than doubled that value. One of the most and confidently hope that they will be found to reimbursement of the principal of this debt, it is prominent and best features, perhaps, of this plan, have succeeded. proposed, that the United States shall subscribe for accomplishing an object of general welfare, Two proposals have already been offered to one million of dollars to the stock of the Potomac is, that it combines in its execution private with the House, in the course of the present session of Company, on the conditions already suggested, public wealth, and thus effects such a co-operaCongress, by the Committee on Roads and Ca-the states of Maryland and Virginia six hundred tion of individual interest with public good, as nals, in relation to the Potomac. Neither of them thousand dollars, and individuals the remaining will ensure, in the original construction as well interferes with the plan for the improvement of four hundred thousand; that, on the stock thus as the subsequent repairs of the canal, vigilance, the navigation of that river, which this committee subscribed, there shall be charged an annuity for economy, and fidelity, in all the disbursements of have presumed to recommend. One of them, twenty-eight years, of six per cent. per annum, money, qualities so often required in vain, in embraced by a resolution for the appointment of payable semi-annually; four per cent. of which the expenditures of public money, on public ac commissioners to survey the route and estimate shall be applicable to the payment of the interest count.

the expense of a navigable canal, seems to your on the two million loan, and two per cent. to the Should the loan, on which this plan eventually committee to be, in a great degree, superseded creation of a sinking fund, to be invested, from depends, be negociated abroad, it will be, because by the annexed report of the Principal Engineer time to time, as received, in productive stock, in it leaves for more profitable application, in Ameof Virginia, to the Board of Public Works of that order to provide for the redemption of the prin- rica, the sum which it is designed to withdraw state; and as an incorporated company already cipal of the loan, at the expiration of twenty-from other channels of wealth and enterprize.exists, with ample authority to make the contem-eight years. If it charge a debt upon posterity, it must be plated improvement, there does not remain any Such is the scheme which the committee pre-again repeated, that it is to complete a work, as apparent necessity of waiting for the prosecution sume to recommend for extricating the Potomac durable as that Union to which the people of of this work, until a more extensive system of in- Company from their present embarrassments, and America must look, now and hereafter, for the ternal improvement be devised by Congress. accomplishing a work which, unassisted, they security of all their political and social happiThe committee simply recommend the com- cannot effect, although of inestimable impor-ness. Your committee submit the following rebination of the proceeds of sales of the public tance to the public. solution;

property in the City of Washington, which, ac- Complicated as this scheme may, at first, ap- Resolved, That the committee of the District cording to the original plan of the City, was de-pear, it involves, in its prosecution, the exercise of Columbia be instructed to report a bill in consigned to be sold, with such sums of money as of no other power on the part of Congress, than, formity with the principles contained in the prethe Legislatures of Maryland and Virginia and 1st, the power of selling the public lots in the ceding report. the citizens of those and of the adjacent states city of Washington, which were acquired ex

may voluntarily subscribe, for the purpose of ex-pressly for sale. 2dly, That of borrowing money

tending a navigable canal from the foot of the on the public faith, and a specific pledge for its From the Manufacturers and Farmer's Journal. Little Falls of the Potomac, to the commence- repayment; and lastly, the application of the ment of the Cumberland Road. They propose to public treasure to an object of general welfare; We have seen a circular letter from Liverpool annex to this public and private subscription, the or the investment of it in the stock of an in- (received by the Flora) dated August 12, 1822, condition, that the Potomac Company shall pre-corporated company, expected to yield an annual containing certain statements of the situation of the Cotton Market, in Great Britain, from which viously assent, with the approbation of the Legis-income.

1823-bags

403,350

latures of Maryland and Virginia, to such altera- The committee will not swell this report, al- we gather the following general resultstions of their present charter, as will admit the ready too far extended, by arguments to demon-The supply of American Cotton for the United States, those states, themselves, already strate, that all these powers are vested, by the year 1822, including that on hand on interested in the stock of the company, and the constitution, in the Congress of the United States, the 1st of January is estimated atnew subscribers, to participate, on fair and equit- either expressly, or by natural implication. bags able principles, in their future revenue. These They involve neither the incorporation of a pri- The consumption and export at-bags 307,200 alterations would, among other obvious effects, vate company, nor the condemnation of the lands provide for the payment of the debts of the Com-of individuals, within the territory of any state, Estimated stock on hand, January 1, pany, and for the reduction of the nominal, by for national purposes. They do not extend some liberal reference to the actual value of their the jurisdiction of the General Government present stock. over the persons or property of the citizen, nor The supply (including old stock) of East India cotton, In order to obviate the necessity of selling the purpose to derive, from the assent of any one or public lots in the City of Washington, before the more states, any power which has not been grant-Consumption and export-bags contemplated improvement of the navigation and ed to the Federal Government by the people of commerce of the District of Columbia shall have the United States. caused the anticipated appreciation of their va- Your committee forbear to answer all the oblue, as well as to complete the canal in the short-jections which this, like any other plan of inter-The supply of the cotton, including that est possible time, without drawing immediately [nal improvement, may be expected to encounter. on hand, January 1, 1822 is estimafor large sums upon the public Treasury, the They are contented to set against such objections states of Maryland and Virginia, and the indivi-some of its peculiar advantages; that, connected The consumption and export estimated at 153,400 dual subscribers of new stock, your committee with the Cumberland road, it will complete a

Estimated surplus, January 1, 1823,

ted-bags

propose, that the United States shall borrow, on great national object, calculated to perpetuate Estimated surplus, January 1, 1823 the public faith, and a specific pledge of all the the Union, and to promote the prosperity and

96,150

210,030

95,000

115,030

203,934

50,534

The estimated supply of West India,
Demerara, &c. including stock on hand,
January 1, 1822, is-bags
Estimated consumption and export,

Surplus (estimated) January 1, 1823,

[blocks in formation]

The surplus stock, January 1, 1822,
Estimated surplus, January 1, 1823,

Decrease of stock, within the year-bags

fers which I sent to you in April arrived safe; The Devon Bull, advertised by the Editor,
and that they were approved by yourself and is sold.

51,484 your friend, and that you obtained premiums of]
42,600 plate for them. I hope sincerely that Col.

603,200

Lloyd will be fortunate with them, and that he PRICES CURRENT.-CORRECTED WEEKLY. 8,884 will recollect the advice Mr. Wright took the Best white wheat, $1 40 to 1 45, and much liberty of giving him respecting their manage-wanted-Red wheat, $1 30 to 1 34-White corn, ment, and then I have no doubt, they will an-165 to 66 cts.-Yellow, 60 to 65 cts.-Rye 65 cts. -Oats, 44 cts.-New corn, shelled, 55 cts.-On 873,798 swer his wishes. My bull Aide-de-Camp, which obtained the the cob, $2 624 to $2 75 per bbl.-Barley, 75 cts first premium in London, was only 22 months-Hay, $20 per ton-Rye straw, $10 do. Wharf old when he was shewn, and he weighed upon flour, $6 50-Shad, No. 1. trimmed, $7 50 Messrs. Pickfords' machine, which I have no to $8-No. 2, $5 50 to $7-No. 1, untrimdoubt is correct, the astonishing weight of 16 med, $7-No. 2, do. $6-Herrings, No. 1, cwt. 2 qrs. 3 lbs.-his girth round his chine $3 25 to 3 37-No. 2, $3 to 3 12-Beef, Northern was 7 feet 7 inches-his length from shoulder mess per bbl. $10 to 10 25-Baltimore, prime do. to rump 5 feet 6 inches, and his height to the $9 to $9 75-Hams, 12 to 15 cts.-middlings, 10 to top of his chine, 14 hands 1 inch; from the above 11 cents.-Other articles same as last report. dimensions no doubt he would if slaughtered TOBACCO-No sales, very dull. weigh 90 stones of beef, of 14 lbs. to the stone: this is a surprising weight for an animal only 22 months old.

270,598

897,139
542,319

354,820
270,598

84,222

Editorial Correspondence.

Speed the Plough. We have lately had another Agricultural The subscriber (late President of the Berkshire meeting at Doncaster, where I was again fortu-Agricultural Society) convinced of the impornate in gaining premiums and sweepstakes, tance of disseminating improved Agricultural amounting to 43 guineas over my own stakes. Implements, and that it can only be effected, in CLIMATE AND SOIL ON THE BORDERS OF I obtained the yearling bull premium and an efficient manner, through the medium of per sweepstakes, with an own brother to Aid-de-sons who are practically conversant with, and Camp, Brigade Major, which some of my able to judge of their true merits from experience, friends thought superior to his brother-although proposes to open a REPOSITORY for the sale, on commission of all kinds of Agricultural Imhe is as good, I do not think he is superior. plements and Machinery.-likewise, for Prime Seeds, and approved Agricultural Books.

LAKE ERIE.-Extract to the Editor.

PHILADELPHIA, July 20, 1822. Dear Sir, I have received your favor of the 18th inst. informing that you had forwarded my letter to your friend, Mr. Wright, who had sailed for England.

THE FARMER.

It being the object of the subscriber to bring into use such articles only as possess real merit, it is proper to remark, that he will offer none for sale but such as he may be already acquainted with, or which he shall have previously tested by experience.

and all favors gratefully acknowledged.
Letters, post paid, will be duly attended to,
THOMAS MELVILLE, jr.

Pittsfield, (Berkshire Co.) Sept. 2, 1822.

You have enquired whether the winters, where the property I have offered for sale is situated, are not too long, requiring stock to be fed for too BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, OCTOBER 11, 1822. great a portion of the year? I answer, by no means. The whole extent of Erie county upon MARYLAND CATTLE SHOW-No. 3. the Lake, say forty miles in length, and nine miles deep to the ridge which runs parallel with tive and well directed exertions are making for We are very much gratified to learn that acthe lake, and divides the waters of the Allegha- the Agricultural Exhibition, to be held at Easton, ny and Ohio Rivers from those of Lake Erie, af-in Talbot county, of this state, on the 7th and fords a delightful climate, and gives certain and 8th of next month. The farmers of that Shore very abundant crops of small grain. I speak are co-operating, zealously, to give eclat and By giving the above an insertion, our Brefrom experience, having been stationed on the utility to the occasion, and no one acquainted thren of the Type will not only render a public bank of Lake Erie more than twenty years since, with the intelligence and energy of our fellow-service, but aid the laudable views of a person, and having visited it very frequently since. It is a citizens in that section of the state, can doubt than whom, no one in Berkshire has done more toremarkable fact that the crops of corn have been their success in laudable enterprises, such as this; wards the promotion of Agriculture and Manuuniformly abundant since the first settlement of the very spirit and object of which, tend to banish factures. the tract of country to which I have alluded above, discord, and to insure unity of feeling and actionand that there has not been a single failure-not an association to improve the art of cultivating a single instance of the corn having been injured the earth-to give encreased efficacy to labourby frost. This is, no doubt, to be attributed to in a word, to augment, by a given quantum of toil the influence of the air from the Lake, in a great and expense, the means of human subsistence, A full blooded Alderney Bull, 4 years old measure. As to grass or grazing land, Erie coun- comfort and happiness-must command the ap Two half blooded do 2 years old ty is not excelled by any part of the United probation and good wishes of every honorable One half blooded Devon and Alderney, 1 States. I doubt, indeed, if it is equalled. The mind. Reference to this paper of the 23d of

VALUABLE STOCK,

FOR SALE AT THE FOLLOWING PRICES, VIZ:

year old

$150

30

80

30

winters commence in December-generally about August, will shew the amount of Premiums, and Three half blooded Devon Bulls, 1 year old the tenth of the month-from that period, till the objects for which they have, as we think, been Persons wishing to possess the Coke Devon about the twelfth of February, it usually snows most judiciously offered. We are glad to learn, Stock, may have prize bull calves of 2 months once in three or four days, so that grain and grass that many gentlemen of this Shore, both ama-old, at the following rates : will be completely protected from the severe teurs and practical farmers, propose to go over. Full blooded

frosts. From the twentieth of February, the snow This is as it should be.

$100 each

40

15

begins to disappear, and thaws very gradually-in mind, that this will be their first attempt, and Half do Let us, however, bear Three quarter do Early in April, cattle that are not used find a we should graduate our expectations according- The excellence of these cattle for symmetry sufficiency of vegetation, even in the woods, to ly. The ball is then to receive its first impetus; of shape, kind feeding, gentleness of temper, keep them in good heart. I will venture to as-it will, we trust, roll on from year to year, acquir-quantity and quality of milk and butter, facility sert, that if cattle were turned out so early in ing strength as it goes. Those, moreover, who of taking fat, and for action and strength as any part of Pennsylvania, east of the mountains have never seen that Peninsula, will be gratified draught oxen, is unrivalled. Apply at the Farm to forage for themselves, they would perish.-with the sight of a country altogether different in of Mr. Richard Caton, Brookland Wood, to Rain seldom occurs during the winter months. its topographical features, from any thing we are J. G. WALMSLEY, Manager. The atmosphere is dry and very favourable for accustomed to see in other parts of the State: cattle. Frost, late in the spring, rarely takes The roads are quite level, uninterrupted by gates, place--and I have seen cucumber vines growing and always in good condition-and every neighBakewell Sheep. vigorously in the latter part of October.

bourhood being ramified by navigable streams, For sale, twenty-five half blooded Dishley Extract of a letter from Charles Champion, little expense-and the farmer, with his gun procured from Mr. Barney. Price, $5 per head produce is transported to market at comparatively ewes-they are young, and by a very fine ram, Esq. to the Editor, dated Blythe, near Baw- and his net, may every day spread his table with-apply at the office of the American Farmer. try, England, 30th August, 1822. fish or fowl-We say nothing of Eastern Shore

I am delighted to find the bull and two hei-hospitality—that's proverbial!

PUBLISHED BY JOHN S. SKINNER.

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HORTICULTURE.

POMARIUM BRITANNICUM,
An Historical and Botanical account of Fruits,
known in Great Britain, by Henry Philips,
-Second Edition.

tree gives a succession of flowers during the Orange-trees have been grown in the sout have been built for the express purpose of produce large, handsome fruit, but not whole summer, on which account it is cultiva-ern parts of Devonshire for more than 1 23 housing these trees: the most magnificent one equal value to the lemons grown in the sam ted in all green-houses, and large orangeries years past. When trained to walls, the is that of Versailles, built by Louis the XIVth. situation. Oranges were known in this country in the country from seeds, and they are thought to b time of Henry the VIIIth, but I find no ac- more hardy than trees imported; but the orange Most of these were raised in thi In Botany, a Genus of the Polyadelphia Icosan- Seville orange-tree appears to have been first London, are as large as those of our own growth count of the orange-tree being cultivated in Eng-trees which are brought every year from Italy, and dria Class. Natural Order, Bicornes. land prior to Queen Elizabeth's reign. The sold principally at the Italian warehouses in The China, or sweet oranges, with which this pany was incorporated, and two years previous these trees will have good heads, and produce country is now so amply supplied, and at such to the return of Sir Francis Drake, our first fruit in about three years. The Mandarin orange planted the year before the East India Com-would be in twenty years. With proper care, moderate prices, that all classes of society en-circumnavigotor. It is said to have been intro- was not cultivated in England until 1805. joy them as perfectly as if they had been indi-duced by Sir Francis Carew, and first planted

(Continued from page 226.) ORANGE-CITRUS.-AURANTIUM.

genous to the climate, were not known to the at his seat at Beddington in Surrey. Chancel-from the south of France, which have arrived ancient Europeans. They were first brought lor Bacon, who wrote about twenty years after in small tubs; and so well packed, that the into Europe by Jean de Castro, a celebrated this time, mentions the housing of orange and fruit and blossoms remained on the trees when Portuguese warrior, who made them a present lemon-trees in this country to keep them in the they reached the neighbourhood of London. We have lately seen orange-trees imported to the Condé Mellor, the king of Portugal's winter. He also states, that if the seeds of prime minister, who was only able to raise one oranges be sown in April, they produce an there is a very remarkable account of a tree plant from a great number that were brought agreeable salad. to Europe. This tree, which was planted in 1548, and from which all the European orange-trees had an orange-house and orange-garden at her that it became in it's branches, leaves, flowers, In the Philosophical Transactions, No 114. of this sort were produced, is said to be now mansion, Wimbleton Hall, in the parish of and fruit, three-formed; some emulating the Henrietta Maria, queen of Charles the 1st, orange stock, which had been so grafted on, alive at Lisbon, in the garden of Count S. Lau- Wimbleton, in the county of Surrey; and by an orange, some the lemon or citron, and some parstanding in a grove near Florence, having an estimate and survey which was made in the taking of both forms in one.

rent.

These mixed fruits

The Romans had endeavoured to cultivate the month of November, 1649, for the sale of that never produce any perfect seeds: sometimes citrus before the Christian era, for the beauty property, by order of the Parliament, we find there are no seeds at all in them, and someof the tree and it's medicinal qualities but, as it how highly orange-trees were estimated even in times only a few empty ones. has already been observed in the history of the those turbulent days. It is described as follemon, they could not succeed in the time of lows:Pliny, who says, (book xvic. 32.) "The Assyrian pome-citron-tree will not bear fruit out of den, there stands one large garden-house; the esteemed. The Rev. Mr. Hughes, in his NaSyria." The same author, in his 12th book, c. outwalls of brick, fitted for the keepinge of oringe-tural History of Barbadoes, mentions the golden"In the north side of which sayd oringe gar-be of a red colour, and the flavour to be more The Maltese graft their orange-trees on the 3. informs us that the Romans were acquainted trees, neatly covered with blue slate, and ridgpomegranate-stock, which causes the juice to with the Persian and Median pome-citron; but ed and guttered with lead; the materials of the fruit as a large fine orange, of a deep cohe never mentions it as a fruit to be eaten: the which house, with the greate doores, and the lour within, from whence it derives the name kernels, he states, were in particular employ- iron thereof, with a certaine stone pavement ly-Golden Orange. He adds, "This fruit is neied by the Parthians, to sweeten the breath. In ing before these doores, in nature of a little walke, ther of the Seville or China kind, though it parorange as growing in that island. He describes his 13th book, chap. 15, we are informed that four foote broad, and seventy-nine foote long, takes of both, having the sweetness of the Chithe Romans had tables made of the citron wood, wee valew to bee worth £66. 138. 4d. which they procured from Mauritania and Cy renaica, in Africa. Some authors are of opinion that the orange pose, fortie-two oringe trees bearing fayre and "In which sayd garden-house there are now vour of the Seville orange." was the golden apple of the Hesperides; and large oringes, which trees, with the boxes, and good in inflammatory and putrid disorders, both standing, in squared boxes fitted for that purna mixed with the agreeable bitterness and flaas the ancient Europeans could not propagate the earth and materials therein feeding the acute and chronical. The juice contains an esit, was said to have been taken back by Miner-same, The juice of oranges is a pleasing acid, and va. The fable states, that Hercules, to obtain tree with another, in toto, amounting unto information of this garden, seized Nereus, god £420. Os. Od. wee valew at ten poundes a tree, one The salt may be obtained in crystals, by diluof the sea, in his sleep, who directed him to sential acid salt, mixed with much mucilage. Africa. If he had to cross the deserts of that is one lemon-tree, bearing greate and very and possessed of the same medicinal qualities country to obtain this fruit, the allusion of it's large lemons, which, together with the box "In the sayd garden-house there now allsoe and using evaporation. In this way a saline exting the juice, clarifying it with whites of eggs, being guarded by a dragon, is both natural and that it grows in, and the earth and materialls as the juice, which is said to be very powerful just. tract may be made, capable of being preserved, About the eleventh or twelfth century seve-0s. Od. ral varieties of the orange were cultivated in therein feeding the same, wee valew at £20. Italy, from whence they were taken to Spain one pome citron-tree, which, together with the that disorder by the oranges they found in the in the scurvy. When Com. Anson sailed round and Portugal; therefore the sweet orange, box that it growes in, and the earth and ma"In the sayd garden-house there now allsoe is the scurvy, were surprisingly recovered fron the world, his men, who were afflicted with seon after it was introduced, became plentiful terialls feeding the same, we valew at £10. in these countries, where there were already Os. Od. abundance of stocks to graft on. Gerard notices in his work, which was published in 1597, oringe-garden six pomegranet-trees, bearing Orangeade, an agreeable drink made of orangethat orange and lemon-trees grew on the coast faire and large fruits, which, togeather with ble for medicinal purposes, and the blossoms of "There are also belonginge to the sayd Lemery, to people in the height of a fever. juice, water, and sugar, may be given, says of Italy, and in the islands of the Adriatic; the square boxes they growe in, and the earth this species are the most odoriferous: the leaves and on the coast of Spain they were, says he, and materialls therein feeding the same, we are also used in medicine. The yellow rind of The Seville orange is esteemed far preferain great quantities, as well as in certain provin-valew at three poundes a tree, one with another, these oranges, separated from the white fungous ces of France, which lie upon the midland coast. in toto, £18. Os. Od." At the present time, these trees are cultivated in Italy to so great an extent, that there are had not borne fruit, which, with their boxes, rant. It is warmer than the peel of lemons, of almost forests of them. Prince Antonius Bor- were valued at £5 a tree, one with another, a more durable flavour, abounds more with a There were also eighteen orange-trees that bitter, often used as a stomachic and corrobomatter under it, is a grateful, warm, aromatic ghese, at his palace near Rome, has upwards of £90. seventy sorts of orange and lemon-trees, among which are some very rare kinds: it is a fruit so Diana upon it, and "a fayer led cestern be-rind of the China orange has a weak smell, much esteemed in Italy, where it thrives well, longing to it, and a chanelled pavement,' A white marble fountain, with a statue of distinct cells on the surface of the peel. The light, fragrant essential oil, which is lodged in that apples, pears, and cherries, have almost esteemed to be worth £7. become extinct in that country. The delightful perfume of an orange-grove statue of a mermaid, with the cestern, &c."ers of this kind of orange, that orange-flower were and is seldom employed for medicinal purposes. is such as to scent the air for miles; and the were valued at £10. "Another fountain of white marble, with a Seville oranges also produce the best marmalade, and the richest wine: it is from the flowwater is distilled. These oranges are often pre

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