and they have Indian corn, hemp, flax, boards, ftaves, shingles, leather, beef, pork, butter, minerals, foffils, and many other articles in common with the middle, or eastern States; alfo fkins, furs, and ginseng from their Indian country.

The wheat country of the United States lies in Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New-Jerfey, and New-York, and the westernmost parts of Connecticut, as alfo the western parts of the two Carolinas, and probably of Georgia, for their own ufe. The character of the American flour is fo well known, that it is unneceffary to fay any thing in commendation of it here. Virginia exported before the war eight hundred thousand bushels of wheat; Maryland above half that quantity. The exports of flour from Pennsylvania with the wheat was equivalent to one million two hundred thousand bufhels in 1788, and about two millions of bufhels in 1789, which, however, was a very favourable year. New York exports in flour and wheat equivalent to one million of bufhels. In the wheat States are alfo produced great quantities of Indian corn or maize. Virginia formerly exported half a million of bushels per ann. Maryland fhips a great deal of this article, and confiderable quantities raised in Delaware, Pennsylvania, New-Jerfey, New-York, and Connecticut, are exported; as are the wheat and flour of those five States, from Philadelphia and New-York, there being little foreign trade from Delaware or Jersey; and the western parts of Connecticut shipping with less expense from the ports on Hudson's river than thofe of their own State.

Hemp and flax are raised in very large quantities throughout the United States. And though South-Carolina and Georgia produce less than any other States of these two articles, they are capable of raifing immenfe quantities. Georgia, from the advantage she has in the river Savannah, could produce hemp with the greatest profit. Large portions of the new lands of all the States are well fuited to hemp and flax.

Though sheep are bred in all parts of America, yet the moft populous parts of the middle States, and the eastern States which have been long fettled, and particularly the latter, are the places where they thrive beft. In the four eaftern or New-England States, they form one of the greatest objects of the farmer's attention, and one of his fureft fources of profit. The demand for wool, which has of late increased exceedingly with the growth of manufactures, will add confiderably to the former handfome profits of sheep; and the VOL. III.

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confumption of meat by the manufacturers will render them ftill more beneficial.

Horned or neat cattle are alfo bred in every part of the United States. In the western counties of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia, where they have an extenfive range, and mild winters without snows of any duration, they run at large, and multiply very faft. In the middle States, cattle require more of the care and attention they ufually receive in Europe, and they are generally good, often very fine. But in the eastern States, whofe principal objects on the land have until lately been pafturage and grazing, cattle are very numerous indeed, and univerfally fine; cheese is, of course, most abundant in thofe States. No European country can excel the United States in the valuable article of falt provifions. Their exports of this kind are every day increafing; as the railing of cattle is peculiarly profitable to farmers, the greater part of whom have more land than they can cultivate even with the plough. Barley and oats are the productions of every State, though least cultivated to the fouthward. Virginia, however, is turning her attention to barley, as alfo Maryland, and can raife great quantities.

Mafts, fpars, ftaves, heading, boards, plank, fcantling, and fquare timber, are found in almost all the States: but New-Hampshire, and the adjoining province of Maine, which is connected with Massachusetts, are the two most plentiful fcenes: the stock there feems almost inexhauftible. In New-York they abound; and, in North-Carolina and Georgia, the pitch-pine plank, and fcantling, and oak ftaves, are excellent, especially in the former. The stock of these articles on the Chesapeak and Delaware bays.is more exhaufted; but yet there is great deal on the rivers of both for exportation, befides abundance for home confumption. Confiderable quantities are also brought to the Charleston market, but a large part of them is from the adjacent States of Georgia and North-Carolina. When their internal navigation fhall be improved, SouthCarolina will open new fources of these articles.

Pot and pearl afhes, have become very valuable articles to the land-holders and merchants of the United States; but their importance was unknown twenty years ago. A fingle fact will illustrate the wealth that may be acquired by this manufacture. The State of Maffachusetts, which has been fettled twice as long as the other States on a medium, which contains about a fiftieth part of the territory of the United States, which is among the most populous of them, and

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confequently must have far lefs wood to fpare than many other parts of the Union, has nevertheless shipped two hundred thousand dollars worth of these two articles in a year. New-England and New-York have derived great advantage from their attention to pot and pearl afhes; but it has hitherto been made in very inconfiderable quantities in the States to the fouthward of them: in most of them it has been entirely overlooked. New-Jerfey and Delaware have more forests than Maffachusetts; and as there is no part of either of those States that lies twenty-five miles from navigable water, they may venture to expend their wood, and to depend upon coal. In the other fix States, which lie fouth of Hudson's river, the materials for pot ash are immenfe, as alfo in the State of New-York.

A grand dependence of the eastern States is their valuable fifheries: a detail of thefe is unneceffary. It is fufficient to fay, that with a fmall exception in favour of New-York, the whole great fea fifliery of the United States is carried on by New-England; and it is in a variety of ways highly beneficial to their landed and manufacturing interefts.

Iron is abundant throughout the Union, excepting New-England and the Delaware State, though the former are not deftitute of it, and the latter can draw it as conveniently from the other States on the Delaware river, as if it were in her own bowels. Virginia is the State moft pregnant with minerals and foffils of any in the Union.

Deer skins and a variety of fürs are obtained by all the States from the Indian country, either directly or through the medium of their neighbours. Hitherto they have been exported in large quantities; but from the rapid progrefs of American manufactures, that exportation must diminish.

The article of pork, fo important in navigation and trade, merits particular notice. The plenty of mast or nuts of the oak and beech, in fome places, and of Indian corn every where, occafions it to be very fine and abundant. Two names among them are pre-eminent, Burlington and Connecticut; the firft of which is generally given to the pork of Pennfylvania, and the middle and northern parts of Jersey; the fecond is the quality of all the pork north of Jersey. It may be fafely affirmed, that they are fully equal to the pork of Ireland and ritany, and much cheaper.

Cider can be produced with eafe in confiderable quantities, from ginia inclufive, to the most northern States, as alfo in the western

New-England, Pennfylvania, and feveral other States, the practice has been taken up with confiderable spirit and very extenfively purfued.

Thefe are but a few of the advantages America poffeffes over the different nations in Europe, but they are fuch as have laid the foundation of her prefent, and which insure her future profperity.

We fhall now proceed to ftate as briefly as poffible the profpects and advantages which the European fettler has almoft the certainty of realizing.

of

OF THE

PROSPECTS AND ADVANTAGES

OF AN

EUROPEAN SETTLER

IN THE UNITED STATES,

BEFORE we enter on this part of the work, we wish to premise to

the reader that we shall proceed with caution. The numbers that have emigrated to America from this country have already awakened the fears of fome, and the envy of others; and fome who appear confcious of the confequences that must follow from a fpirit of emigration, have thought it their duty to step forward, and by magnifying trifling difficulties into infurmountable obstacles, attempt to put a ftop to a system, which, though its effects are flow, are not the lefs fure in weakening the ftrength and refources of the European counties. Hence flight fkirmishes with the Indians have been magnified to the moft tremendous battles. The refiftance of a small portion of perfons to the levying of a tax in one or two States has been worked up to a universal rebellion throughout the Union. A fever raging at Philadelphia for a fhort period, and which is now admitted to have originated in the expofure of damaged coffee, has been held forth as a proof of an unhealthy climate throughout the States; and the intemperate zeal of a few individuals has been confidered a fufficient proof that the whole body of Americans are averfe to the prudent and temperate conduct of their government. The impreffions made on the public mind, by these means have received additional strength from a few individuals, who, like the fpies fent to view the land of Canaan, have, through idleness, or attachment to European diffipation, caft away the clusters of grapes, and returned with an evil re

port