tion. Some particular substances being now added to the solution, which may form insoluble salts, with the earths or metals it may contain, these will fall to the bottom by precipitation, and will require farther examination. The earths, subjected to the action of fire, will become free from other substances by calcination; inflammable substances will leave their ashes, and, if burned without the access of air, their charcoal will remain; and the metals, if not refractory, will become melted. But to perform this latter process more readily, the substance should be put into a crucible, or melting pot (fig. 5), and then exposed to a due degree of heat, or subjected to the blow-pipe.

The operations of chemistry must necessarily be numerous, and their modifications must be frequently varied; but most others must be founded on those which we have here mentioned.

Chemistry, whether we view it as a science contributing to the extension of the knowledge of the other sciences, or as yielding perpetual aid and improvement to the arts, or as enabling us to catch a glance at the grand operations of nature, is of the highest interest and importance. Viewing its extensive influence, acting in concurrence with the powerful agencies of galvanism and electricity, it excites the perpetual hope that philosophy is just at the point of displaying some new and astonishing manifestation of the sublime power and wisdom of our GREAT CREATOR.

Let every thing you see represent to your spirit the presence, the excellency, and the power of GOD; and let your conversation with the creatures lead you unto the CREATOR; for so shall your actions be done more frequently with an actual eye to God's presence, by your often seeing him in the glass of the creation. In the face of the sun you may see God's beauty; in the fire you may feel his heat warming; in the water his gentleness to refresh you; and it is the dew of heaven that makes your field give you bread. This philosophy, which is obvious to every man's experience, is a good advantage to our piety, and by this act of the understanding our wills are checked from violence and misdemeanour.Taylor's Holy Living.

What are my eyes, but aids to see
The glories of the DEITY

Inscribed with beams of light

On flow'rs and stars? LORD, I behold
The shining uzure, green and gold;

But when I try to read THY name, a dimness veils my sight.

Watts's Hora Lyrica.

When he went abroad among the scenes of rural verdure, beauty, and fruitfulness, like the bee in its industrious ranges for celestial sweets, he was solicitous to gather fresh food for heavenly contemplation, or fresh materials and ornaments for future compositions. The pastures covered with flocks and herds, the fields waving with the ripening harvests, the groves resounding with the melody of birds, enlivened his praises, and he saw, heard, and confessed his GOD in all. The skies by day struck his soul with admiration of the immense power, wisdom, and goodness of their divine Author: the moon and starry train by night increased his conceptions of the Deity; and in the OPEN MANUSCRIPT OF GOD, the wide-extended heavens, he read the letters of his great and wonderful name with profound homage and veneration. All that met his eye or ear was laid, as it were, under a tribute to yield him improvement, and consecrate and enrich his moments of leisure and necessary cessation from his studies; and, in short, NATURE was only a scale to his devout soul, by which to ascend to the knowledge and adoration of GOD.-Life of Dr. Watts.

What though I trace each Herb and Flower

That drinks the morning dew,

Did I not own JEHOVAH's power,
How vain were all I knew!

Say what's the rest but empty boast,
The pedant's idle claim,

Who, having all the substance lost,
Attempts to grasp a name?

Oratorio of Solomon.

TIME'S TELESCOPE

FOR

1819.

JANUARY.

THE name given to this month by the Romans was taken from Janus, one of their divinities, to whom they gave two faces; because, on the one side, the first day of this month looked towards the new year, and on the other towards the old one. It was called wolf-monat by our Saxon ancestors, on account of the danger then experienced from wolves; for that, through the extremity of cold and snow, those ravenous crea tures could not find of other beasts sufficient to feed upon.'

Remarkable Days

In JANUARY 1819.

1.-CIRCUMCISION.

THIS festival was instituted in the sixth century, in commemoration of the circumcision of our Saviour; a rite of the Jewish law, first enjoined to Abraham as a token of the covenant God made with him and his posterity. New Year's Day has ever been considered a season of joy and congratulation for blessings received and dangers escaped in the year past, as well as for gratitude to the kind Providence which permits us A

to witness the commencement of a succeeding

one.

The Romans, at this time, sent presents of sweetmeats, as dried figs, honey, &c. (strena), expressing a wish that their friends might enjoy the sweets of the year into which they had entered. A relic of this custom is still observed in the south of Scotland, where the sweetie-skon, a sort of plum-cake, constitutes the New Year's Gift. Among the northern nations, it was customary for subjects to present gifts to their sovereigns, which were called jolagiafir, yule-gifts.

In

France, particularly in the south, early in the morning of New Year's Day, a round of visits is commenced to relations and friends, to wish them a happy new year, and to present them with bonbons (sweetmeats.)-See T. T. for 1815, p. 2.

6

The antient custom of going about with the wassail, a bowl of spiced ale,' is yet retained in many places. The composition was ale, nutmeg, sugar, toast, and roasted crabs or apples, and was called lamb's wool. Some verses still sung in Gloucestershire, on this day, may be seen in our volume for 1814, p. 3.

The New Year's Gift,' a relic of the most an tient observances of the day, is yet general in our own country; and, however trifling the present, is at least a pleasing memorial of the friendship and good-will of the giver.

In 1765, Bishop Lyttleton shewed the Society of Antiquaries a large parchment roll, containing a list of New Year's Gifts presented to Queen Elizabeth at Greenwich, on the 1st of January, 1584-5, signed by the queen, and countersigned by John Astley, Esq. master and treasurer of the jewels; by which it appears, that the greatest part, if not all the peers and peeresses of the realm, all the bishops, the chief officers of state, and several of the queen's household ser