72. Quarum quae, etc.: 'and Defopea, who (is) the fairest of these in beauty, I will unite to you in lasting wedlock, and pronounce your own.' The nominative, Deïopea, is put by attraction in the case of the relative quae, instead of the accusative, which would have been the regular construction. H. 399, 3; A. 200, b; B. 251, 4; G. 616; (H. 445, 9). Quarum is translated as if earumque. The preference for the relative in Latin often gives rise to the construction, which we have here, of two relatives in the same sentence; cf. the frequently recurring expression in Cicero, quae cum ita sint. The genitive is governed by the superlative, pulcherrima, as a genitive of the whole. See note on 1. 96.

73. Conubio: is scanned as a trisyll. H. 733, 3, N. 4; LM. 1112; A. 347, c; B. 367, 1; G. 723; (H. 608, III, N. 2). propriam: is a strong word, denoting sure and perpetual possession.

75. pulchra prole: seems to modify faciat in the same way as if the expression were enixa pulchram prolem; that she may make thee a parent, having borne to thee (by bearing to thee) a fair offspring.' Thus it is an ablative of means.

76. haec: supply ait or dicit. See H. 388, 5; LM. 461; A. 206, c; B. 166, 3; G. 688; (H. 368, 3). Tuus-labor: 'it is thy task to consider what thou desirest'; i.e. I have not the responsibility of deciding whether that be right or wrong which you wish.

77. Explorare: to look into the nature of the request. Aeolus will excuse himself, when called to account for trespassing on the dominion of Neptune, by pleading the command of Juno, and his duty to her.

78. Tu mihi: in ascribing to Juno's intercession with Jupiter the power and dignity conferred upon Aeolus, Virgil has probably followed some ancient myth, in which Juno, as the impersonation of the air, was represented as exercising some influence over the winds and in the creation of a king under whose control they were placed. quodcumque hoc regni (est): 'this dominion, such as it is.' sceptra: as above, 1. 57, and below, 1. 253, indicates the kingly power with somewhat more fullness than the singular number. For the case of epulis, see H. 429; LM. 532; A. 228; B. 187, III; G. 347; (H. 386).

79. accumbere: the infinitive with dare, as in 1. 66.

80. Nimborum: H. 451, 2; LM. 573; A. 218, a; B. 204, 1; G. 374; (H. 399, I, 3).

81-123. The storm; the despair of Aeneas, the loss of one ship, and extreme peril of his whole fleet.

81. conversa cuspide: 'with his shifted spear'; not with the point turned downward, but turned from a vertical to a horizontal position. While still seated, Aeolus strikes the point of the spear, which he had previously held as

a scepter resting vertically on the ground, into the side of the hill; or, as some understand it, against the door of the prison. Note the alliteration which marks the ring of the blow on the hollow mountain side' (Page).

82. in latus: a more vigorous construction for in latere. Cf. In puppim below, 1. 115. agmine facto: 'in battle array'; lit. 'a pattalion being formed'; a military figure.

83. Qua: where,' 'by whatever way.' H. 476; LM. 644; A. 258, g; B. 218, 9; G. 91, 2, c; (H. 420, 1, 3)). Cf. Milton's Par. Regained, 4, 413:

'Nor slept the winds

Within their stony caves, but rushed abroad

From the four hinges of the world.'

84. Incubuere: 'they descended upon.' The verb in this sense is followed by the dative. Cf. II, 514. totum: sc. mare, in the accusative after ruunt, which is transitive here, though intransitive in the foregoing sentence, 87. -que que: see note on 1. 18. virum: the Trojans. 92. solvuntur frigore: 'are paralyzed with chilling fear.' Fear is analo gous to cold in its effect on the blood. Cf. III, 175; XII, 905.

93. duplices: for ambas, 'both'; as in VII, 140; X, 667, and elsewhere. 94. terque quaterque : a climax is usually expressed by 'thrice'; but Latin, as well as Greek poets, sometimes add 'four times,' for still greater emphasis. 95. quis: H. 182, footnote 3; LM. 288; A. 104, d; B. 89; G. 105, N. 2; (H. 187, footnote 5).

96. oppetere: sc. mortem, 'to meet death.' gentis limits fortissime. H. 442; LM. 560; A. 216, a, 2; B. 201, 1; G. 372; (H. 397, 3).

97. Tydide: his contest with Aeneas is described in the Iliad, V, 239-318. Aeneas was saved on this occasion by Venus. occumbere: sc. morti. campis: ablative of place where. H. 483; LM. 627; A. 258, ƒ; B. 228; G. 385; (H. 425). See note on Italiam, 1. 2.

97, 98. mene

Non potuisse: for the exclamatory infinitive, see note on 1. 37. Trans.: 'That I could not have!'

99. telo iacet: lit. 'lies by the spear'; i.e. ‘lies slain by the spear.' Instrumental ablative.

102. iactanti: the dative limits the whole proposition, procella adversa ferit. H. 425, 2; LM. 537; A. 235; B. 188; G. 352; (H. 384, II, 1, 2)). 'As he utters these words, a blast, roaring from the north, opposite (to the course of the ship), strikes the sail.' Aquilone: 'from the north.' 104. tum prora avertit: sc. sese. et undis Dat latus: the ship, no longer impelled by the oars, falls into the trough of the sea, and is immediately struck by the whole weight of a mountainous wave. breaking upon its side.

105. cumulo: 'in a mass'; join with insequitur as an ablative of manner.

106. Hi: those in one ship; his: those in another. Cf. below, l. 162, hinc - hinc.

107. harenis: ablative of means, with the sands'; not of the shore, but of the bottom of the sea.

109. quae in fluctibus: sc. sunt. The rocky islets referred to are possibly the Aegimuri, thirty miles north of Carthage.

110. mari summo: at the surface of the sea'; an ablative of place.

III. brevia et syrtes: 'shoals and sand banks'; not the so-called Syrtes Maior and Minor on the African coast. miserabile: H. 394, 4; A. 189, d; (H. 438, 3). visu: H. 635; LM. 1007; A. 303; B. 340, 2; G. 436; (H. 547).

114. Ipsius: refers to Aeneas. The in the genitive as in Unius, l. 41. a vertice: for desuper; 'from above'; from the point to which the wave has risen so as to stand almost vertically to the ship, and to descend 'right down' upon the stern. pontus: equivalent to fluctus; as when we say,

'A sea strikes the ship.'

115. In puppim: cf. in latus, 1. 82. excutitur magister: 'the helmsman is struck from his seat.' The helmsman, or pilot, of Orontes's ship was Leucaspis. See VI, 334.

116. in caput: 'headlong.' illam: the ship, in contrast with the persons on board.

118. rari: 'here and there'; referring to the voyagers seen struggling in the sea, less numerous than the arms, planks, and valuables floating all about per undas. Note the spondees, in strong contrast with the dactyls of the preceding line, which suggest the fierce whirl of the eddy.

121. qua vectus (est) Abas: (the one) in which Abas sailed.'

122. Vicit: 'has overpowered'; either by driving them away at the mercy of winds and waves, or by casting them on rocks and sands. It does not mean 'destroyed,' for all were saved except the ship of Orontes. laxis compagibus: H. 489; LM. 638; A. 255, a; B. 227, 1; G. 409; (H. 431, 4).

omnes: sc. naves.

123. rimis: ablative of manner.

124-156. Neptune hears the storm raging on the sea, and is indignant that Aeolus has sent the winds to invade his dominion. He rises in his chariot to the top of the waves, rebukes and disperses the winds, and rescues the Trojan ships.

124. misceri: 'agitated.'

125. Emissam: 'let loose.'

126. Stagna: the waters near the bottom of the sea are supposed not to be disturbed by ordinary winds; hence, they are called here 'standing' or 'still waters.' These are now 'thrown up' (refusa) from the bottom to the surface by the violent agitation of the whole mass of the waters. vadis: the ablative with refusa. graviter commotus: 'deeply indignant' or 'with deep

displeasure,' not 'violently agitated' or 'roused to fury'; it is the stern displeasure of a god, conscious of his supreme power, and calmly exercising his authority to restrain or punish, without any external excitement. Hence placidum caput, in the next verse, is not inconsistent. alto Prospicie as: 'looking forth upon the deep'; alto, the dative for in altum. Cf. pelago, 1. 181.

129. caelique ruina: 'by the destructive force of the air'; lit. 'by the rushing down of the sky'; referring to the furious descent of the winds.

130. fratrem: Neptune was a son of Saturn, and therefore

Fig. 3. Neptune

brother of Juno. That this storm had been brought about by her stratagems was at once apparent to him.

131. Eurum Zephyrumque: all the winds are implied, although only two are mentioned. dehinc is scanned as one syllable. H. 733, 3; LM. 1111; A. 337, c; B. 367, 1; G. 727; (H. 608, III).

132. generis, etc.: 'pride of your birth'; referring to the divine origin of the winds as sons of Aurora and Astraeus.

133. Iam: 'now at length'; i.e. having been presumptuous in other ways, have you now dared to do this?

135. Quos ego-: for the figure of aposiopesis, see H. 751, I. N. I; A. 386; G. 691; (H. 637, xi, 3). The remainder of the threat, 'will chastise,' is left unex

pressed because it is better (now) to allay the excited waves.'

136. Post: adv., 'hereafter.'

139. sorte: the whole kingdom of Saturn was allotted to Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto; the former receiving heaven, Neptune the water, and Pluto the regions under the earth.

140, 141. aula- regnet: 'let him display his power (se iactet) in that court, and reign in the close shut prison of the winds.' Carcere is related o regnet, as in l. 52, antro, to imperio premit; i.e. the place in which his power

is exercised.

Cf. VI, 766.

Eurus alone is mentioned by name, though

vestras shows that all the winds are addressed.

142. dicto: H. 471, 8; LM. 619; A. 247, b; B. 217, 4; G. 398, R. I; (H. 417, I, N. 5).

144. adnixus: instead of the usual construction in the plural, adnixi, refers both to the Nereid, Cymothoe, and to the sea god, Triton. H. 395; LM. 479; A. 187, b; B. 235, 1; G. 286; (H. 439).

145. scopulo: this is the same as the saxa latentia, above, 1. 108. For the case, see H. 462; LM. 601; A. 243, a; B. 214; G. 390; (H. 434, N. 1). 146. aperit syrtes: 'opens a way through the sand banks'; the agger harenae mentioned in 1. 112.

147. rotis: for curru; ablative of means.

148. Ac veluti, etc.: the poet has in mind such scenes as often transpired in the Roman forum in his own day. saepe : implies quod saepe accidit, as often happens.' Cf. X, 723. 150. Observe the caesura here in the fourth foot.

arma: their fury leads them to seize such arms as stones and firebrands only. No citizen was allowed to carry warlike weapons within the walls of Rome.

151. pietate gravem ac meritis: revered on account of his moral worth and (public) services.'

155. invectus, etc.: 'borne along in the cloudless sky.' The perfect participle is used as a present. See H. 640, 1; LM. 1011; A. 290, b; B. 336, 5; G. 282; (H. 550, N. I).

156. curru: another form (originally an instrumental or locative) for the dat. currui.

157-222. Aeneas, with seven of his ships, lands in a secure haven, not far from the new city of Carthage. Leaving his companions awhile, he ascends the neighboring rocks to obtain a view of the sea, in the hope of descrying the rest of his fleet. He falls in with a herd of deer, and thus secures food for his friends, whom he addresses, on returning, with consoling words.

157. Aeneadae: 'followers of Aeneas,' 'the Trojans.' quae- litora: 'the shores which are nearest.' H. 399, 3; A. 200, b; B. 251, 4; G. 616; (H. 445, 9). For the omission of sunt, see note on famulae, 1. 703.

158. Libyae: the country around Carthage was strictly Africa, and Libya was the region between Africa and Egypt; but the poets use geographical 'erms with great freedom.

159. secessu longo: 'in a deep recess.' It is not likely that Virgil is describing a real scene on the African coast, though some have tried to identify the spot.