493. Bellatrix: 'a warlike heroine'; in apposition with Penthesilea. Observe the emphasis given to this appellative by its position in the verse, like

venatrix, l. 319. audetque, etc.: 'and (though) a virgin,' etc. Fig. 8, copied from a statue in the Vatican, represents an Amazon in the Greek style. The half-moon shield is seen at her side. An Amazon in the Phrygian costume is represented in vase paintings.

494-612. Aeneas is lost in the contemplation of the Ilian pictures, when Queen Dido enters the temple, attended by a numerous train, and proceeds to give audience to her people. While Aeneas and Achates, still invisible, are watching the proceedings, they behold Ilioneus and the other Trojan chiefs belonging to the missing ships entering the temple, followed by a tumultuous crowd of the Carthaginians. Ilioneus, as the eldest of the party, addresses the Queen, and makes known their name, nation, and recent mishap, complaining of the hostile disposition of her subjects, who have attempted to oppose the landing of the Trojans. He mentions Aeneas and his uncertain fate, and entreats the Queen to aid the remnant of the Trojans to resume their voyage to Italy. Dido makes a friendly reply, and apologizes for the harsh conduct of her subjects. She offers to give them the desired aid, or to receive them as subjects into her new state. While she is expressing the wish that Aeneas himself were present, and her determination to send messengers everywhere in search of him, the cloud which enveloped him is suddenly dispelled, and he thus appears unexpectedly in the presence of the Queen and his Trojan friends.

494. dum is joined with a present, though the events are past, the regular construction. H. 553, 4; LM. 917; A. 276, e; B. 293, I; G. 570; (H. 467, III, 4). Aeneae: limits videntur as a dative of the agent. Cf. ulli, 1. 440. Videri is used as above in 1. 326, in its literal sense; while Aeneas is looking at these objects deserving of wonder, 'marvels to see.'

497. Incessit: 'advanced.' See note on 1. 46. iuvenum : ' of youthful followers'; men and women in the prime and vigor of life. stipante: as comitante, II, 40; V, 76.

498. Qualis - Exercet Diana choros: 'such as Diana when she leads her

dancing trains.' Talis, correlative to qualis, is expressed below, 1. 503. The first syllable of Diana here is long. Eurotae, Cynthi: Diana, as the goddess of the chase, and therefore the patron goddess of Sparta, a city devoted to war and the chase, frequented the banks of the Eurotas, the principal river flowing through Sparta. Like her brother, Apollo, she was also believed to resort at times, with her nymphs, to Mount Cynthus. Cf. IV, 147. 499. quam secutae: 'following whom'; the perfect participle as above in 1. 481.

500. Hinc atque hinc: 'on either side.' See note on l. 162. illa - pectus is parenthetical. Latona delights in the beauty of her children.

504. Per medios: as in 1. 440. Instare is followed either by the dative or accusative. Cf. VIII, 433.

505. foribus: 'in' or 'within the doors'; so near the portal as to appear to the spectator to be in it. The Queen had been advancing with her train toward (ad) the temple. She has now ascended the flight of steps, crossed the broad platform or colonnade in front, passed through the door, and taken her seat on a high throne placed directly in the rear of the wide portal. media testudine templi: 'within the vault of the temple.' Virgil has in mind, as before, Roman temples, in which extensive use was made of the arch and dome. Media is here very nearly equivalent to the preposition in; as any point within an inclosure is medius.

506. Saepta armis: surrounded by men at arms.' solio subnixa: 'seated (i.e. supported by) upon a throne.' Cf. III, 402.

507. Iura dabat legesque viris: she was administering justice and giving laws to her people.' lura are 'rights,' 'decisions,' 'usages'; leges are 'forms of law,' 'statutes.' operum laborem: 'the execution of (public) works.' She was assigning the charge of these to various overseers, either directly, according to her own judgment, or else by drawing (trahebat) lots from an The act of drawing the lots' is transferred, by a poetic turn of expression, to the 'labor' which was to be determined by lots.

urn.

509. concursu: is the multitude of Carthaginians accompanying the Trojans.

512. penitus oras: and had conveyed far away to other shores'; i.e. other than those near Carthage, where Aeneas had landed.

:

513. Obstipuit is understood with Achates; and percussus, with ipse. For the adjective, see H. 395, 1; LM. 485; A. 187, a; B. 235, 1; G. 290; (H. 439, 1); for the verb, H. 392; LM. 471; A. 205, d; B. 255, 2; G. 285, 1; (H. 463, 1).

515. res incognita: i.e. the unknown circumstances of their friends. See 11. 517-519.

516. Dissimulant: they remain concealed.' Not wholly of their own choice, it is true, for they have no power to dispel the cloud; but they would

not wish to emerge, at this moment, if they could; and hence they connive, as it were, with the divinity that is concealing them. speculantur: 'look out,' 'watch to ascertain what fortune,' etc.

517. Quae fortuna viris: sc. sit;

what fate attends the men.' The present is substituted for the perfect, because the action is conceived as scarcely yet finished.

518. Quid: 'why?' lit. 'as to what'; adverbial accusative. cunctis navibus: 'chosen from all the ships.' See note on Italiam, 1. 2.

519. Orantes veniam: 'to sue for favor'; i.e. here, 'for protection.' See 1. 526. The present participle is used to denote purpose. H. 638, 3; 533, 2; LM. 1017; A. 290, a, 3; 293, b, 2; B. 337, 4; (H. 549, 3).

520. introgressi: for the auxiliary to be supplied here, see note on 1. 216. coram: sc. regina; 'before the queen.'

521. Maximus: sc. natu. placido: 'calm,' though like Neptune, l. 126, graviter commotus.

522. condere: for the infinitive, see note on 1. 66.

523. gentes superbas: 'proud nations'; refers to the neighboring barba rians, not to the Carthaginians.

524. Observe the emphatic position of Troes. maria: an extension of thcognate accusative with vecti, 'having traversed all seas.' Cf. aequora curro, V, 235. A similar use is that with navigat, 1. 67.

526. generi: H. 426, 2; LM. 531; A. 227; B. 187, II; G. 346, 2; (H. 385, II). pio: 'righteous'; obedient to the gods; hence, deserving to be received in a friendly manner. propius: render literally, 'more closely'; implying that their real character and circumstances have been misunderstood. 527. Non is rendered emphatic by its position. nos: H. 387, 1; LM. 456; A. 194, a; B. 242, 1; G. 207; (H. 368, 2, N.). Libycos: see note on 1. 446. populare: the infinitive, after the Greek idiom, to denote a purpose, H. 608; LM. 950; A. 318; B. 326, N.; G. 421, N. I, (a); (H. 533, II). Penates: by metonymy for 'hearths' or 'homes.'

528. raptas-vertere: 'to seize and drive away.' See note on 1. 69. Vertere is for avertere (cf. VIII, 208), and refers especially to the captives and the cattle, which would form the most valuable part of the booty.

529. ea: such.' animo, victis: sc. est.

530. Hesperiam: 410; LM. H 521; A. 239; B. 177; G. 340; (H. 373). The other accusative here is quam understood.

532. Oenotri: these people were said to be kindred with the Pelasgi of Greece, and also with the Siculi, and to have occupied Bruttium and Lucania, in the south of the Italian peninsula. Italia was originally another designation for the same part of the peninsula, but was gradually extended in its application, until it came to signify, as now, the whole country south of the Alps. See note on primus, l. 1. fama: sc. est, of which the following clause

is the subject. H. 615; LM. 971; A. 272, R.; B. 327; G. 535; (H. 538); minores, etc.: 'that their descendants have called the country Italy.'

533. gentem: metonymy for terram. ducis: this leader was Italus, a king of the Oenotri, or, according to Thucydides, of the Siculi.

534. hic not the adverb. This verse, like many others (fifty-four in all in the twelve books of the Aeneid), was left unfinished, though the sense is complete; in fact, the only example of such a hemistich that is incomplete in sense occurs III, 340.

See note on Italiam, 1. 2.

535. adsurgens fluctu: 'rising from the wave.' subito: may be joined to tulit, or connected, as an adjective, with fluctu, thus, with a sudden wave' or 'sea.' The setting of the constellation Orion in November was proverbial in the ancient writers as portending stormy weather. In consequence, Orion was supposed to exert a direct influence upon the weather, even though represented as rising, as in the present passage. The first O in Orion here is short; in III, 517, it is long. 536. penitus: as in l. 512.

538. pauci: 'few in number'; i.e. as compared with the whole fleet, a large part of which is missing. oris: cf. 1. 377.

539. Quod genus, etc.: refers to the Carthaginian subjects of Dido. 540. hospitio: H. 464; LM. 600; A. 243; B. 214, 2; G. 390, 2; (H.414). 541. Bella cient: refers to the same Carthaginians, stationed to guard the shore. Dido has commanded her people to oppose the landing of strangers. prima terra: 'the very shore'; lit. 'the first part of the land.' H. 497, 4; LM. 565; A. 193; B. 241, 1; G. 291, R. 2; (H. 440, 2, N. IJ.

543. sperate, etc.: 'expect the gods to be mindful.' 544. quo iustior, etc.: sc. neque before alter.

Trans. Aeneas was our

king, than whom there neither was any more righteous, nor more renowned in piety, or in war and in arms.'

547. Aetheria: the poets sometimes use aether and aetherius for aer and aerius. Cf. below, 1. 587, and VI, 762; VII, 557.

umbris.

umbris: for in

548. Non metus: sc. est nobis; 'we have no fear'; i.e. as to our ultimate safety. priorem, etc.: 'nor would you regret having tried to anticipate him in kind offices.'

549. et: = praeterea. The thought is: Besides the consideration that there is a hope of recovering our chief, and that he will return your favors, we have also Trojan friends and cities in Sicily ready to receive us; so that you need not fear any attempt on our part to settle here in your country. 552. silvis: see note on Italium, 1. 2. stringere remos: 'to trim oars';

for facere remos.

553. Si datur: protasis of ut petamus.

rege, sociis: ablative absolute

of attendant circumstance. recepto agrees with the nearest noun, and is

understood with soctis. H. 395, 1; LM. 485; A. 187, 1; B. 235, 1; G. 290; (H. 439, 1).

554. ut petamus: here, and in 1. 558, is the purpose of subducere, aptare, and stringere.

556. nec spes-Iuli: 'our hopes in Iulus no longer exist.' Cf. VI, 364. 557. At-saltem: 'yet at least (even though Aeneas be lost) that we may seek the waters of Sicily.' freta: as in 1. 607. sedes paratas: the settlement already established in Sicily under King Acestes. See note on 1. 195. 558. Unde-advecti: they have just left Sicily. See 1. 34.

561. vultum: see note on sinus, 1. 320. demissa: 'downcast,' not only through modesty, but also on account of the outrages charged upon her subjects, 11. 525, 539-541.

562. corde: see H. 462; LM. 600; A. 243; B. 214; G. 390, 2; (H. 414). 563. Res dura: 'hard necessity'; 'my hard condition'; for she is in constant danger of invasion from the warlike Libyans (see l. 339) and from her hostile brother. See ll. 347 sqq. talia Moliri: 'to take such precautions'; to devise such things; namely, as patrols (custode). For the mood, see note on III, 134.

565. Aeneadum:

Aeneadarum.

quis nesciat: see H. 557; LM. 723;

A. 268; B. 277; G. 265; (H. 486, II). How Dido has heard of the Trojans

is explained below, ll. 619 sqq.

566. Virtutes: 'the prowess.'

568. aversus: 'remote'; i.e. we are not so far from the world that our minds are stupid or uninformed (obtunsa).

569. Saturnia arva: an appellation of Latium, because it had been the retreat of Saturn, when driven by Jupiter from his throne in Olympus. Cf. VIII, 319. It has here the same restrictive relation to Hesperiam as, in 1. 2, Lavina litora to Italiam.

571. Auxilio: join with tutos as an ablative of means.

572. Vultis et: 'or would you.' mecum pariter: 'on equal terms with me.' 573. Urbem quam: for urbs quam. See note on quae litora, l. 157. 574. mihi: see note on ulli, 1. 440. agetur: 'shall be governed' or 'treated.' Note the singular instead of the plural.

575. Noto: for vento; as austris, 1. 536.

576. Adforet: H. 558, 1; LM. 712; A. 267; B. 279; G. 260; (H. 483, 2). certos: 'trusty.'

577. lustrare: 'to explore.' For the mood, see H. 614; LM. 968; A. 271, 6; B. 331, 2; G. 423, 2, N. 2; (H. 535, II).

578. Si: 'if perchance,' ‘in case,' not 'to see if,' which would require the subjunctive. silvis, urbibus: should be joined with errat, as ablatives of place. Urbibus is taken in an indefinite sense for inhabited places. 579. animum: see note on 1. 228.