him the gods at work in the destruction of Troy. He submits to fate, and, guarded by Venus, arrives at his home in safety.

559. tum primum: Aeneas is now for the first time awakened to all the horrors of his own situation, and that of his family. 562. subiit: 'came to my mind'; sc. mentem. of Aeneas, and daughter of Priam.

Cf. I. 575.

Creusa: wife

563. domus: has the last syllable long under the ictus. See note on pavor, 1. 369. casus: 'the fortune'; as in I, 623. 564. Respicio: 'I look about.'

He has been absorbed in the scene in the

sit: subjunctive mood in

court below, and the death of Priam. Now he withdraws his eyes to consider what is going on around him on the battlements. indirect question. quae copia: 'what force?'

566. Ad terram, etc.: 'they have cast themselves (from the battlements) to the ground.' The perfect definite is used here with reference to the preceding historical present.

567. The passage, as far as 1. 587, appears inconsistent with VI, 510-527, and is said to have been set aside by Tucca and Varius, the critics to whom the manuscript of Virgil was committed by Augustus. Hence, it is wanting in the best manuscripts; but it is regarded as Virgilian by recent commen. tators, and is retained in practically all texts. adeo: Virgil often joins this particle with iam. It may be translated, 'so now.' super unus eram: for supereram. limina: 'shrine.'

568. servantem: 'keeping'; i.e. holding, as a place of refuge, secure on account of its sacredness.

570. Erranti: he has left the battlements of the palace, but is still on the Acropolis, seeking to escape to his own house, without coming in contact with the enemy. Hence he pursues a devious course, looking about cautiously, oculos per cuncta ferenti.

571. eversa Pergama: 'the overthrow of Troy.' See note on l. 413. 572. poenas Danaum: 'punishment inflicted by the Greeks.' What genitive? Cf. Ulixi, 1. 436. coniugis: Menelaus.

573. communis Erinys: because she had been the cause of the ten years' war, which had been attended with many disasters to the Greeks, and was now closing with the destruction of Troy.

574. aris sedebat: i.e. on the steps of the altar. 'hateful.'

invisa: odious,'

575. ignes: 'fury'; the fires of passion. subit ira: 'wrath enters (my soul).'

576. The infinitives as in 1. 10. sceleratas poenas: = sceleris poenas. Cf. VI, 563.

577. Mycenas: put for Graeciam. Cf. I, 650.

578. triumpho: ablative absolute, with parto.

579. Coniugium: = coniugem. Cf. XI, 270. patres: 'parents'; as soceros, 1. 457.

580. comitata: cf. I, 312, and note. turba, ministris: ablative of means. In the Odyssey, books IV and XV, Helen is reinstated as queen in the palace of Menelaus at Sparta. It should be remarked that the impression given by Virgil of 'Helen is widely different from that which we get from the Iliad and Odyssey, where she is represented rather as the victim of misfortune than as a deliberate evil-doer. See Fig. 18.

581, 582. The future perfects express the bitter indignation with which he conceives of her about to return in triumph after having occasioned all this

583. Non ita: 'it shall not be thus.'

584. Feminea: possessive, as Hectoreum, 1. 543.

585. Exstinxisse: the infinitive depends upon an idea of saying, implied in laudabor, which is equivalent to cum laude dicar. nefas: metonymy for nefariam.

586. explesse: more intensive than implesse.

sati

587. Ultricis flammae: 'with avenging fury.' See note on I, 215. asse: 'to have appeased.' The Manes of the slain cannot be quiet in the lower world until they are revenged.

590. pura luce: 'in clear light'; not in a cloud, as gods often appear. 591. confessa: put for the present, as comitata, 1. 580; 'her godhead manifest'; not disguised, as in I, 314 sqq.

592. quanta: 'so great as'; for the gods are conceived to be of lofty stature. dextra: she seized the hand with which he was about to slay Helen. See note on I, 69.

prehensum Continuit: sc. me. FRIEZE'S AENEID - 27

595. nostri: Venus is represented as including herself with the family of Aeneas. Cf. I, 250.

596. prius: 'first'; i.e. before you think of slaying Helen. ubi: interrogative.

597. -ne in prose would be joined to superet.

599. resistat: see note on I, 58.

600. tulerint, hauserit: the perfects suppose the completion of the action at the present time.

601. tibi: ethical. Not the hateful form of Helen, as you think, not the guilty Paris, but the stern will of the gods, is overthrowing this dominion for thee.'

602. -ve: trans. 'nor.'

603. opes: might,' 'power.' a culmine: cf. 1. 290, and note.

604. Aspice: Venus now causes Aeneas to see all that the gods see. The great gods themselves are destroying the city.

605. tibi: dative of reference, equivalent to the genitive of possession. H. 425, 4, N.; LM. 538; A. 235, a; B. 188, 1, N.; G. 350; (H. 384, II, 4, N. 2). umida caligat: 'gathers misty.'

606. ne qua parentis Iussa time: 'fear not to follow any commands of thy mother'; for now that your eyes are opened to things invisible, you may understand that her counsels are safe.

609. undantem: 'rising in waves.' mixto pulvere: 'mingled with dust.' 610. Neptunus: Neptune had built the walls of Troy for Laomedon, the father of Priam, and was defrauded by that king of his stipulated reward. Hence his hostility to Troy. tridenti: join with emota.

612. Scaeas: the Scaean gate was on the west side of Troy, looking toward the sea. By this the Grecians were still pouring into the city. Cf. 1. 330. 613. Prima: 'foremost '; as leader of the Greeks.

615. Iam: now at length even Pallas joins in the destruction. She usu ally aids in building, not destroying. respice: cf. 1. 564. His attention had been directed thus far by Venus to the walls and the gate, where Neptune and Juno are acting; now he turns to behold Minerva, who sits upon the top of the citadel, probably on the pediment of her own temple.

616. nimbo effulgens et Gorgone saeva: 'bright with her storm-cloud and Gorgon grim.' The nimbus refers to the aegis of Zeus, which the goddess often wore, and from which, if shaken, proceeded storm and lightning. The Gorgon's head was in the center of the shield.

617. Ipse pater: even Jupiter, though not unfriendly to the frojans, must execute the decree of destiny.

619. Eripe fugam: 'hasten your flight'; while flight is still possible. 620. limine: for the case, see note on l. 244.

622. dirae facies: 'fearful forms'; the gods now made visible to Aeneas, and exerting their powers against Troy.

624. Tum vero: 'then indeed'; when my eyes were thus opened. visum (est) was seen.'

:

625. Neptunia: Troy is thus called because Neptune constructed its walls. 626. Ac veluti Cum: 'even as when.'

627. ferro bipennibus: hendiadys for ferreis bipennibus. See note on I, 61. accisam: limits ornum. instant: with infinitive, as I, 423.

628. minatur: 'threatens to fall.'

629. comam: 'leaf-crown'; the foliage of trees is often so called. tice: join with nutat as an ablative of manner.

630. supremum: 'for the last time'; adverbially. Cf. III, 68. 631. iugis 'from the hilltops'; join with avulsa.

ver

632-746. Anchises at first refuses to join Aeneas in his flight, but yields at last to the signs and warnings sent by Jupiter. While they are making their way out of the city, Creüsa, the wife of Aeneas, is separated from her companions and lost; but she is not missed until they reach the place of ren. dezvous, outside of the gate.

532. Descendo: Aeneas descends from the Acropolis to his father's palducente deo: 'under the guidance of the divine one (Venus).' C£

ace.

1. 620.

633. Expedior, recedunt: Aeneas, by the divine agency of his mother, is carried safely through the fire and the enemy, weapons and flames moving aside from him.

634. perventum (est a me): = = perveni.

635. Antiquas: the necessity of forsaking his home is the more painful, as it has been the abode of a long line of ancestors.

636. primum: in both instances agrees with quem. Aeneas must carry his father; for he had been formerly disabled by a stroke of lightning. See II. 648, 649.

638. integer aevi:

unimpaired in age.' H.452, 1; LM. 575; A. 218, c;

B. 204, 4; G. 374, N. 6; (H. 399, III, 1).

639. Sanguis and vires are also thus connected in V, 396. stant robore. etc.: 'whose strength remains firm in its own vigor'; needing the aid of For the ablative, see note on regno, I, 268.

none.

640. agitate: 'urge forward'; implying both planning and executing. 642. Satis superque: there is an ellipsis of est quod; it is enough and more, that I have seen,' etc. The plural as in 1. 89. una: 1081; A. 94, a; B. 81, 4, b; G. 97, 3; (H. 175, N. 1).

H. 166, 1; LM.
Troy had been

captured and sacked by Hercules during the reign of Laomedon. Anchises has survived that capture.

He reclines on a couch, in adfati: 'having bid fare

643. superavimus: for superfuimus; as in l. 597. 644. Sic-positum: 'thus lying, yea, thus.' the position of one dead, or dying. Cf. IV, 681. well to my body.' It was the custom, immediately on the decease of a Roman, for the nearest relative at the bedside to call on the dead by name, and utter three times in a loud voice the word vale. See note on vocatos, I,

219.

645. manu: 'by violence'; 'in conflict'; i.e. by provoking the enemy to attack me. miserebitur: 'the enemy will show compassion'; i.e. they will put me out of my misery by slaying me, while seeking to plunder my house

and person.

646. facilis iactura sepulcri: 'the loss of burial is a light thing,' lit. 'easy (to bear).' This sentiment is very unusual for a Greek or Roman, but not unnatural for an old man in despair. Cf. IV, 620; VI, 333.

648. Demoror: H. 533, 1; LM. 732; A. 276, a; B. 259, 4; G. 230; (H. 467, III, 2). ex quo: sc. tempore.

649. Fulminis adflavit ventis: 'breathed upon me with the blasts of lightning.' See note on I, 45. Anchises was struck with lightning, and thus crippled, for divulging to mortals his amour with the goddess Venus.

650. perstabat: figuratively; 'he persisted.' fixus: used literally; 'fixed' in his position and place. Cf. 1. 654.

651. Nos: cf. l. 139; the plural for the singular. effusi lacrimis (sumus) : equivalent to effusi in lacrimas; 'we were dissolved in tears.'

652, 653. ne-vellet: the purpose of the entreaty implied in the foregoing words.

653. fato urgenti incumbere: 'to add fresh weight to the fate (death) already impending.'

654. haeret: by a kind of zeugma is both figurative and literal in its use respectively with incepto and sedibus. in: prepositions belonging alike to two terms are sometimes joined by the poets to the second, instead of the first. See note on 1. 293.

655. in arma feror: "I rush to arms'; 'to the combat.'

656. iam: after every plan has been tried in vain to save my father. fortuna: 'resource.'

658. Sperasti = exspectavisti; as in IV, 419. tantum nefas: 'so impious a thought'; as that a son should forsake his father in peril.

660. sedet hoc animo: sc. tibi; allel expressions, cf. IV, 15; V, 418;

'this is fixed in your desire.' For parVII, 368.

661. isti leto: 'to that death (which you choose).'

664. Hoc erat (illud) quod: 'was it this for which?' Cf. IV, 675. For