B. Babbage, Charles, b. 1790, an eminent mathematician, entered at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took his degrees,—that of B.A. in 1814; was appointed Lucasian Professor in the Univ. of Camb., 1828; resigned in 1839; a member of the principal scientific societies of the world. For a full account of Mr. Babbage's Calculating Machine, see Calculating Machines,-Division Arts and Sciences, English Cyclopedia. The following complete list of his writings has been prepared with care: rithms were printed upon them in inks of the following colours: The twenty-first volume contains metallic printing of the same 42. Barometrical Observations made at the Fall of the Staubbach, by Sir John Herschel, Bart., and C. Babbage, Esq.; Brewster's Edin. Jour. of Science, 1832, vol. vi. p. 224. 43. The Ninth Bridgewater Treatise, 8vo, May, 1837; 2d ed., Jan. 1838. 44. Essay on the Principles of Tools for Turning and Planing Metals, (inserted in the second volume of Turning and Mechanical Manipulation of Charles Holtzapfel,) 1846. 45. Observations on the Temple of Serapis at Pozzuoli, near Naples, with an attempt to explain the causes of the frequent elevation and depression of large portions of the earth's surface in remote periods, and to prove that those causes continue in action at the present time; Proceedings of the Geological Society, 1847. 46. The same Memoir, with a Supplement,-Conjectures on the Physical Condition of the Surface of the Moon, 8vo: privately printed, 1847. 47. The Exposition of 1851; or, Views of the Industry, Science, and Gen vernment of England, 1851, 8vo. sor. Babcock, J. S. Visions and Voices, 12mo, Hart. Baber, Rev. H. H. Wickliffe's Trans. of the New Testament, Lon., 1811. Psalterium Græcum, a Codice MS. Alexandrino, Lon., 1812. Mr. Baber published this (by subscription) as a portion of the remainder of the task left unfinished by Woide. Twelve copies were printed upon vellum, to match with the same number of vellum copies of the New Testament published by his predecesMr. Baber, with praiseworthy zeal, was desirous of completing the Old Testament; but this "enterprise of great pith and moment" was more than Mr. Baber could himself, with any propriety, be expected to assume. The trustees of the British Museum applied to Parliament for protection in supplying the means to complete the undertaking. The application was successful; and this great work-Vetus Testamentum Græcum ex Cod. MS. Alexandrino, cura et labore H. H. Baber, A.M.-was completed in 1828, (1816-28,) in 4 vols. fol., published at £36 158. 1. The Preface, jointly with Sir John Herschel; and (2) Continued Products, in Memoirs of the Analytical Society, 4to, Camb., 1813. 3. Essay towards the Calculus of Functions; Phil. Trans., 1815. 4. Essay towards the Calculus of Functions, Pt. 2; Phil. Trans., 1816, 5. Demonstrations of some of Dr. Matthew Stewart's General Theorems; to which is added an Account of some New Properties of the Circle; Roy. Inst. Jour., 1816, vol. i. 6. Observations on the Analogy which subsists between the Calculus of Functions and other Branches of Analysis; Phil. Trans., 1817. 7. Solution of some Problems by means of the Calculus of Functions; Roy. Inst. Jour., 1817. 8. Note respecting Elimination; Roy. Inst. Jour., 1817, p. 355. 9. Account of Euler's Method of Solving a Problem relating to the Knight's Move at Chess; Roy. Inst. Jour., 1817. 10. Some New Methods of Investigating the Sums of Several Classes of Infinite Series; Phil. Trans., 1819. 11. Demonstration of a Theorem relating to Prime Numbers; Edin. Phil. Jour., 1819. 12. Examination of some Questions connected with Games of Chance; Trans. of Roy. Soc. of Edin., 1820, vol. ix. 13. Observations on the Notation employed in the Calculus of Functions; Trans. of Camb. Phil. Soc., 1820, vol. i. 14. Application of Analysis, &c. to the Discovery of Local Theorems and Porisms; Trans. of Roy. Soc. of Edin., vol. ix. 15. Letter to Sir H. Davy, P.R.S., on the Application of Machinery to the Purpose of Calculating and Printing Mathematical Tables, 4to, July, 1822. 16. Note respecting the Application of Machinery to the Calculation of Mathematical Tables; Memoirs of the Astron. Soc., June, 1822, vol. i. 17. Theoretical Principles of the Machinery for Calculating Tables; Brewster's Edin. Jour. of Science, 1823, vol. viii. 18. Ob servations on the Application of Machinery to the Computations of Mathematical Tables, Dec. 1822; Memoirs of Astron. Soc., 1824, vol. i. 19. Determination of the General Term of a New Class of Infinite Series; Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc., 1824, vol. ii. 20. Observations on the Measurement of Heights by the Barometer; Brewster's Edin. Jour. of Science, 1824. 21. Account of the Repetition of M. Arago's Experiments on the Magnetism Manifested by Various Substances during Rotation, by C. Babbage, Esq., and Sir John Herschel, Bart.; Phil. Trans., 1825. 22. Diving-Bell; Encyc. Metrop., 1826. 23. Electric and Magnetic Rotation; Phil. Trans., 1826, vol. ii. 24. Method of Expressing by Signs the Action of Machinery; Phil. Trans., 1826, vol. ii. 25. Influence of Signs in Mathematical Reasoning; Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc., 1826, vol. ii. 26. Notation; Edin. Encyc. 27. Porisms; Edin. Encyc. 28. Translation of the Differential and Integral Calculus of La Croix, 1 vol. 29. Examples to the Differential and Integral Calculus, 2 vols. 8vo. These two works were executed in conjunction with the Rev. G. Peacock, Dean of Ely, and Sir John Herschel, Bart. 30. Comparative View of the Different Institutions for the Assurance of Life, 8vo, 1826. A German translation of this work was published for the purpose of establishing at Gotha a society for the assurance of lives. 31. A Table of the Logarithms of the Natural Numbers, from 1 to 108,000, 8vo, 1826. These logarithms were used by the computers in the whole of the trigonometric survey of Ireland, of the text of the Old Testament, with a fourth containing prole"The work, when complete, will consist of 4 folio volumes,-three and in that part of the English survey subsequent to their publica-gomena and notes. The subscribers for the vellum copies are: tion. There have been several impressions on different-coloured paper-white, yellow, and fawn. Editions also have been published on white, yellow, and green paper, with the Preface and Introduction translated into the German and Hungarian languages, 1834. 32. Notice respecting some Errors common to many Tables of Logarithms; Mem. Astron. Soc., 4to, 1827, vol. iii. 33. Essay on the General Principles which Regulate the Application of Machinery; Encyc. Metrop. 34. Reflections on the Decline of Science in England, and on some of its Causes, 4to and 8vo, 1830. 35. Examples of the Solution of Functional Equations, 8vo. 36. Sketch of the Philosophical Characters of Dr. Wollaston and Sir H. Davy; extracted from the Decline of Science. 37. Letter to T. P. Courtenay on the Proportion of Births of the two Sexes amongst Legitimate and Illegitimate Children; Brewster's Edin. Jour. of Science, vol. ii, 1829. 38. Economy of Manufactures and Machinery, 8vo, 1832; 4th ed. There are American reprints, and several translations of this work into German, French, Italian, Spanish, and Russian. 39. Letter to Sir David Brewster on the Advantage of a Collection of the Constants of Nature and Art; Brewster's Edin. Jour. of Science, 1832, vol. vi. p. 334. Reprinted by order of the British Association for the Promotion of Science, Camb., 1833. See also pp. 484, 490,-Report of the Third Meeting of the British Association. 40. Letter, written in Cypher, from Mr. Abraham Sharp to Mr. J. Crosthwait, 2d Feb. 1721-22, relative to a Supposed Error in the Division of the Mural Arc at Greenwich, Decyphered by Mr. Babbage. See Life of Flamsteed by Mr. F. Baily, Appendix, pp. 348, 390, 4to, 1835. 41. Specimen of Logarithmic Tables, printed with different-coloured inks and on variously-coloured papers, in 21 vols. 8vo, Lon., 1831. The object of this work, of which one single copy only was printed, is to ascertain by experiment the tints of the paper and colours of the inks least fatiguing to the eye. One hundred and fifty-one variously-coloured papers were chosen, and the same two pages of my stereotype Table of Loga "The types cast in metal by Jackson for Woide are quite fresh and perfect; and, instead of the contracted various readings in the margin being spun out by the letters in full, (as Woide has given them,) fac-similes of such various readings, cut in wood, are inserted precisely in the places where they occur, filling up only the same space with the original. The tail-pieces, or rude arabesque ornaments at the end of each book, are also represented by means of fac-similes in wood; so that the identity of the original is perfectly preserved. "His Majesty's Library. Sir M. M. Sykes, Bart. "The Royal Library of Berlin. Turner, Esq., Trin. Coll., Dubl. "The Archbishop of Canterbury. Longman, Hurst & Co., (Pentateuch only.) "The Duke of Devonshire. The Author. graphical Decameron. 250 copies were printed on paper: the price of the vellum copies was 184 guineas each. Babington, Benj. Trans. of Gooro Paramatan, Lon., 1820. Babington, Gervase, d. 1610, successively Bishop of Llandaff, Exeter, and Worcester. Comfortable Notes upon the Five Books of Moses. Exposition upon the Creed, the Commandments, and the Lord's Prayer; with a Conference between Man's Frailty and Faith, and three Sermons: printed in one 4to vol. ; again, with additions, in 1615; again, 1637. Babington, Humphrey. Serm. on Ps. ci. 1, 1678. Babington, Jno. Geometry and Fireworks, Lon., 1656.. Babington, R. The Law of Auction, Lon., 1826. Babington, Wm., M.D., 1756-1833. 1. Systematic Arrangement of Minerals, 1795. 2. New System of Mineralogy, 1799. 3. Syllabus of the Course of Chemical Lectures, 1802. 4. Case of Exposure to the Vapour of Burning Charcoal, 1809. Babington, Zachary. Advice to Grand Juries in Cases of Blood, from Law and Reason, Lon., 1677. Bache, Alexander Dallas, one of the most distinguished philosophers of the nineteenth century, b. July 19, 1806, in Philadelphia, a great-grandson of Dr. Benj. Franklin; educated at the U.S. Military Acad., West Point; grad. with the highest honours, and became Lieutenant of Engineers of Fortification in 1825: Prof. Math. in Univ. Penna., 1827; organized High School of Phila., and Principal of it, 1841-42; returned to Univ. Penna. 1842-43 as Prof. of Nat. Philos. and Chemistry; resigned on being appointed President of Girard College, Phila. He visited Europe to examine the systems of instruction there, the results of which have been published in one large vol., Phila., 1839, 8vo. A valuable work. In 1833 he edited an ed. of Brewster's Optics, with Notes, Phila., 12mo; Observations at the Magnetic and Meteorological Observatory at the Girard Coll., 3 vols. 8vo, 1 vol. plates, 1840-45, Wash., 1847. In 1843, he was appointed Superintendent of the U.S. Coast Survey, which position he still occupies, (1858.) "Under his energetic and wise direction it has been fruitful not only in practical benefit to navigators, but in valuable contributions to geodetic and physical science." The Reports of the U.S. Coast Survey are pub. annually in one large vol. 4to, under the supervision of Professor B., to whose talents it owes its present high position among the learned of both Europe and America. He is a member of the principal scientific societies of the world, and received the medal of the Royal Geog. Soc. for 1858. His principal contributions are 35 valuable papers in the Proc. of the Amer. Ass. for the Advancement of Science, 1849-50-51-53-54-55-56-57-58; 19 papers in the Jour. of the Franklin Institute of Penna., 1831-32-34-35-3642; 6 papers in the Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 1834-35-3740, &c.; Annual Reports to Treasury Dept. on Weights and Measures from 1844 to '56; Amer. Jour. of Science, 1832-33; Proc. Brit. Ass. for Adv. of Science, 1838, &c. Bache, Mrs. Anna. 1. Clara's Amusements, N. York. 2. The Fireside Screen; or, Domestic Sketches, Phila., 1843, 12mo. 3. Little Clara, 18mo. 4. The Sibyl's Cave. 5. Scenes at Home, 12mo. Bache, Franklin, M.D., eldest great-grandson of Franklin, b. in Philadelphia, Oct. 25, 1792; grad. A.B. in the Univ. of Penna., 1810, and M.D., 1814; Surgeon's Mate, U. States Army, 1813, and full Surgeon, 1814; resigned from the army and entered upon private practice in Phila., 1816; Physician to the Walnut Street Prison, 182436; Prof. of Chemistry in the Franklin Institute of Penna., 1826-32; Physician to the Eastern Penitentiary of Penna., 1829-36; Prof. of Chemistry in the Phila. College of Pharmacy, 1831-41; Prof. of Chemistry in Jefferson Med. Coll. of Phila., 1841, which appointment he still holds (1858); President of the American Philos. Society, 1853-54. Author of: 1. A System of Chemistry for the Use of Students of Medicine, Phila., 1819, 8vo. 2. Supp. to the Amer. ed. of Henry's Chemistry, forming vol. iii., compiled from the addits. in last English ed., 1823. 3. Letter to Roberts Vaux on the Separate Confinement of Prisoners, 1829, pamph. 4. Second do., pub. in Journal of Law, Oct. 1830. 5. In conjunction with George B. Wood, M.D., The Dispensatory of the United States, 1st ed., 1833, 8vo, pp. 1073; 11th ed., 1858, 8vo, pp. 1583. 6. Introductory Lectures on Chemistry, 1841, '43, '44, '48, '49, '52. Editor of: 1. In conjunction with Robert Hare, M.D., 1st Amer. ed. of Ure's Dictionary of Chemistry, 1821, 2 vols. in 1, 8vo. 2. A System of Pyrotechny, by James Cutbush, 1825, 8vo. 3. In conjunction with others, North Amer. Med. and Surg. Journal, 1826-32, 12 vols.; and contrib. to vols. i., ii., iii., v., vi., viii., ix., X., xi. 4. Turner's Chemistry; 3d, 4th, 5th, and 6th Amer. eds., 183032-35-40. 5. Dr. Hare's Chemical Compendium, 1836. Contributor to The Aurora, 1811 (on Muriatic Acid); Memoirs of the Columbian Chemical Soc. of Phila., 1813, 8vo; Amer. Med. Recorder, vol. i., 1818, iv., 1821; Phila. Jour. of Health, 1830; Hays's Amer. Cyc. of Med. and Surg., 1834-36 (only two vols. pub.); in vol. i., eleven articles, in vol. ii., four articles; Amer. Jour. of Pharmacy, vol. i., 1835, vol. viii, 1842, vol. iii., N.S., 1855. Dr. Bache also trans. from the French M. Morand's Memoir on Acupuncturation, 1825, 12mo; and he was a member of the Pub. Com. of the U. States Pharmacopoeia, as prepared upon the decennial revisions of 1830, '40, and '50. Bache, R. The Manual of a Pennsylvania Justice of the Peace, Phila., 1810-14. The Case of Alien Enemies Considered and Decided, &c., 1813. Bache, Richard, 1794-1836, Captain of Ordnance U.S. Army. Notes on Colombia, 1822-23, Phila., 1827, 8vo. Bache, William. Inaugural Dissertation on Carbonic Acid Gas, Phila., 1794, 8vo. Bachman, John, D.D., LL.D., b. 1790, Dutchess co., N.Y., a distinguished naturalist; licensed to preach in 1813; pastor of the German Lutheran Church in Charleston, S.C., from 1815 to the present time, (1858.) He was an associate of Audubon, (q. v.,) whom he assisted in the preparation of his great work on Ornithology, and was the principal author of the work on the Quadrupeds of North America, illustrated by Audubon and his sons. Defence of Luther and the Reformation, Charleston, 1853. Sermon on the Doctrine and Discipline of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, 1837. Design and Duties of the Chris tian Ministry, 1848. The Doctrine of Unity of the Humar Race Examined on the Principles of Science, 1850. Notice of the Types of Mankind, (by Nott and Gliddon ;) with an Examination of the Charges contained in the Biography of Dr. Morton, 1854. Examination of Prof. Agassiz's Sketch of the Natural Provinces of the Animal World, and their Relations to the Different Types of Men, 1855. Characteristics of Genera and Species as applicable to the Doctrine of the Unity of the Human Race, 1854. Catalogue of Phonogamous Plants and Ferns growing in the Vicinity of Charleston, S.C. See South Car. Med. Jour. Back, Sir George, 1796-1857, b. at Stockport, entered the navy at an early age. He accompanied Sir John Franklin on his Northern voyage in 1818 and those of 1819 and '23 to explore the Arctic regions. In 1833 he undertook an overland journey in search of Capt. Ross. 1. Narrative of the Arctic Land Expedition to the Mouth of the Great Fish River and along the Shores of the Arctic Ocean in the Years 1833-34-35. "Of all the voyages of discovery entered upon within our recollection, none engaged public interest so thoroughly as the expedition the fruits of which are before us."--Lon. Athen. 2. Perils and Escape of H.M. Ship Terror, 1838, 8vo. Backhouse, James. Sermon on 2 Cor. iv. 5, 1758. Backhouse, Thos. Surveys of Harbours in N. Scotia. Backhouse, W. On Life Annuities, 1778. Backhouse, Wm., Fellow of Christ's Coll. and Vicar of Meldreth. The History of the Man of God who was sent from Judah to Bethel: Sermon on 1 Kings xiii. 1: a Caution against Religious Delusion, Camb., 1763. Backhouse, Wm., 1593-1662, a noted alchemist. He trans. from the French The Pleasant Fountain of Knowledge, 1644. The Complaint of Nature and the Golden Fleece; a trans. from Solomon Trismosin, Master to Paracelsus. Backhouse adopted Elias Ashmole as his son in mystical philosophy. Backus, Azel, D.D., 1765-1816, Pres. of Hamiltor. Coll., New York, pub. Sermons, 1797-1813. Backus, Chas., D.D., 1749-1803, a native of Norwich, Connecticut, pub. Sermons, 1795-1801, and a volume on Regeneration. Backus, Isaac, 1724-1806, a distinguished Baptist minister of Massachusetts, was b. at Norwich, in Connecticut. His principal work is a History of New England, with particular reference to the Baptists, 1777-84. He pub. an Abridgment in 1804, bringing down the work to that date. Backus, J. Laws rel. to Sheriff, &c. in Conn. Bacon, Mr. An Ordinance for Preventing the Spreading of Heresies, presented to the House of Commons by him and Mr. Teat, with Observations thereupon, Lon., 1646. Bacon, of Gray's Inn. Rights of the Kingdom, or Customs of our Ancestors touching our Kings and Parliament, Lon., 1682. Bacon, Anne, 1528?-1600? was the second daughter of Sir Anthony Cooke, the wife of Sir Nicholas Bacon, and mother of the illustrious Sir Francis Bacon, Baron Verulam. It is worthy of observation that the four daughters of Sir Anthony Cooke all formed distinguished matrimonial alliances: 1. Mildred married Lord Burleigh; 2. Anne, Sir Nicholas Bacon; 3. Elizabeth, Sir John Russell, sor of the Earl of Bedford; and, 4. Catherine, Sir Henry Kil ligrew. The subject of our memoir was eminent for learning and piety, and well versed in the Greek, Latin, and Italian tongues. At an early age she translated from the Italian into English twenty-five sermons, written by Barnardine Ochine, concerning the Predestination and Election of God, published about 1550. She translated Bishop Jewel's Apology for the Church of England, from the original Latin into English. This translation has been commended as "both faithful and elegant." Archbishop Parker, to whom the manuscript had been submitted, returned it printed, "knowing that he had hereby done for the best, and in this point used a reasonable policy; that is, to prevent such excuses as her modesty would have made in stay of publishing it." It was printed in 1564 and in 1600. When she sent the archbishop the MS., it was accompanied with a letter to the prelate in Greek, which he answered in the same language. Beza dedicated to this learned lady his Meditations. Interesting details connected with her literary history will be found in Ballard's Memoirs of British Ladies, and in Birch's Memoirs of Queen Elizabeth, where are some of her letters at length. Bacon, Anthony, b. 1558, brother of Sir Francis Bacon. Mem. of Reign of Q. Eliz., pub. by Dr. Birch. Bacon, Delia. Philosophy of the Plays of Shakspeare Unfolded; with a Preface by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Lon., 1857, 8vo. "From Mr. Hawthorne we learn that Miss Bacon originally meant to issue this book in America, as she wished her own country to have the glory of solving the enigma of those mighty dramas and thus adding a new and higher value to the loftiest productions of the English mind.' We grieve to think her purpose failed, and that the book appears with the disadvantage of an English name on the title. Mr. Hawthorne-as every reader of theScarlet Letter' knows-is a humourist of peculiar kind; but his concluding paragraph of introduction to this wild and silly book crowns the list of his drolleries. In the preface to a volume designed to rob Shakspeare of his literary glories, Mr. Hawthorne says, 'It is for the public to say whether my country woman has proved her theory. In the worst event, if she has failed, her failure will be more honourable than most people's triumphs; since it must fling upon the old tombstone at Stratford-on-Avon the noblest tributary wreath that has ever lain there.' Fie! Mr. Hawthorne!"-Lon. Athen., April 11, 1857. Bacon, Francis, Baron Verulam, Viscount St. Alban's, 1560-1-1626, one of the most illustrious of modern philosophers, was the youngest son of Sir Nicholas and Lady Anne Bacon. He was b. at York-House, in the Strand, London, on the 22d of January. As a child he was remarkable for quickness of thought and great precision and force of language. These qualities attracted the notice of Queen Elizabeth, who playfully called him her young Lord Keeper, intimating his probable succession to his father's honours. Ben Jonson represents him as marked for this distinction, even before the sagacity of the Queen had prompted the prediction. Jonson was one of the party who partook of Chancellor Bacon's hospitality at York-house, on January 22, 1620, the sixtieth birth-day of the host; the poet celebrated the occasion in choice poetry, of which the following is a specimen : "Hail, happy genius of this ancient pile! How comes it all things so about thee smile? Whose even thread the fates spin round and full, In his 13th year he was entered of Trinity College, Cambridge, where he remained for three years and a half. We must make great allowances for the statement so confidently asserted, that at this early age he had not only detected the fallacies of the philosophy of Aristotle, but had mentally projected the substitution of that "more excellent way" of arriving at truth, the introduction of which has placed him in the first rank of modern philosophers. That he was dissatisfied with the canonical authorities of the prevailing school, and felt that there was a vitality in the teachings of truth which revolted at the artificial barriers so rigidly imposed by the "philosophy falsely so called," to which it was the habit to bow with unquestioning submission-this we do not doubt. He had, to use his own words in later years, taken "all knowledge to be his province," and his was not a mind to be patiently trammelled by any system. After leaving college he visited France, in the train of Sir Amias Paulet. Whilst abroad, he wrote the Notes on the State of Europe, which we find in his works. In February, 1580, he was summoned home by the death of his father. Being very slenderly provided for, he made an application to government to obtain some certain source of income, which would allow him to devote his attention to literature and politics. Most unfortunately for the cause of science, this application was unsuccessful. Choosing the law as his profession, he obtained a good deal of practice, but it is not unlikely that the opinion of the queen was shared by many, and prevented his gaining any brilliant reputation as a profound lawyer. "Bacon," said Elizabeth, "has a great wit and much learning, but in law showeth to the uttermost of his knowledge, and is not deep." There is great reason to suspect much injustice in this opinion. Where he had every right to expect encouragement and aid from his powerful relative, Lord Burleigh, he seems to have encountered any thing but a spirit of kindness and good will. It was natural, therefore, that he should attach himself to the party of Burleigh's opponent, the Earl of Essex; and this nobleman heartily espoused his cause. We grieve to say that the disinterested kindness of the earl was repaid by the basest ingratitude. When his unhappy patron bowed his head in his hour of darkness and desolation, Francis Bacon was by his side,-not as the sympathizing friend, to cheer, to comfort, and to console, but he was there as the accusing fiend, to condemn,-as the heartless executioner, to bind and manacle the victim, and cast him "to the lions." Nor satisfied with this, he hesitated not to affix a stigma to his benefactor's grave, and rehearse, for the information of posterity, the "Declaration of the Treasons of Robert, Earl of Essex!" When we remember this disgraceful transaction, we feel that we have no right to censure the portrait drawn by a great poet, of our greater author "The wisest, brightest, meanest, of mankind." Yet Mr. Montagu can herein justify Bacon, and plead for him "as a man pleadeth for his first-born!" How true it is that the biographer and the lover are almost synonymous terms! Mr. Montagu, in order to defend a bad cause, is obliged, as is usual in such cases, to plead a bad principle; viz. that a lawyer in the advocacy of his brief is permitted, nay obliged, to ignore moral honesty, truth, justice, and every other virtue, if the interest of his client shall require such a tremendous sacrifice, such wholesale abnegation of the very foundations of public and private morality. We do not use Mr. Montagu's phraseology, but we do not "in the estimation of a hair" overstrain the statement of what is done every day in our "courts of justice."(!) Mr. Macaulay's remarks upon this subject, and in the same connexion, are much to the purpose. See his Essay on Lord Bacon. In 1593 he sat as member for the county of Middlesex. Fortunately, we have a graphic sketch of Bacon as the orator, by his friend Ben Jonson: "There happened in my time one noble speaker who was full of gravity in his speaking. His language, when he could spare or pass by a jest, was nobly censorious. No man ever spoke more neatly, more pressly, more weightily, or suffered less emptiness, less idleness, in what he uttered. No member of his speech but consisted of his own graces. His hearers could not cough or look aside from him without loss. He commanded where he spoke, and had his judges angry and pleased at his devotion. No man had their affections more in his power. The fear of every man that heard him was lest he should make an end."-Discoveries. Bacon's earliest publication was the first part of his celebrated Essays, or Counsels, afterwards considerably augmented. The Elements of the Common Law of England, written in 1596, and The History of the Alienation Office, written in 1598, were not published until after his death. The Essays attained immediate popularity, and were translated into Latin, French, and Italian. In July, 1603, Bacon was presented to King James I., at Whitehall, and received the honour of knighthood. In 1604 he was appointed King's Counsel; shortly after which he married Alice, the daughter of Benedict Barnham, Esq., Alderman. In the next year appeared his treatise on The Advancement of Learning, which was the basis of the De Augmentis. The De Sapientia Veterum was published in 1609. In 1616, Sir Francis Bacon was sworn of the Privy Council, and in March, 1617, he received the appointment of Keeper of the Great Seal. He was much beholden for his preferment to the influence of Buckingham, and not a little to his personal solicitation of the King, in which he was not backward to assert his merits and fitness for the post of Lord Keeper. On the 4th of January, 1618, he was made Lord High Chancellor, and on the 11th of July ensuing he was ennobled by the title of Baron of Verulam, and three years later was raised to the dignity of Viscount St. Alban's. Fain would we leave him in this exalted position, but, alas! a great fall was at hand. King James had been compelled by his necessities to summon a Parliament; and its Committee in the Courts of Justice reported on the 15th March, that abuses of no common order had been charged. "The Person," said the chairman, "against whom the things are alleged, is no less than the Lord Chancellor; a man so endued with all parts, both of nature and of art, as that I will say no more of him, being not able to say enough." Our limits forbid any other than a brief notice of this melancholy portion of the Lord Chancellor's history. The reader will find an admirable analysis of the whole subject, as well as of the Baconian philosophy, in Mr. Macaulay's well-known essay on Lord Bacon. That there were extenuating circumstances in the well-founded charges against the Chancellor, may be admitted, without making him a false witness against himself in his memorable confession. "Upon advised consideration of the charges, descending into my own conscience, and calling my memory to account as far as I am able, I do plainly and ingenuously confess that I am guilty of corruption, and do renounce all defence." phical literature of the world would have been Bacon's Illustrations of Three Hundred Rules and Maxims of the ComTo the committee of the Lords who were sent to inquire mon Law! With that keenness of perception, profundity if this confession were indeed signed by himself, his pa- of judgment, and critical accuracy of definition, which disthetic answer was: "My Lords, it is my act, my hand, tinguished this legal philosopher, we should have had a my heart. I beseech your lordships to be merciful to a noble compend of juridical wisdom; an invaluable auxiliary broken reed!" to the teachings of that Volume which enforces equity and The sentence passed upon the offender was a fine of truth in the duties of this life by the solemn sanctions of £40,000, imprisonment in the Tower during the King's the life to come. Bacon's royal master would then have pleasure, incapacity to hold any office in the state, or to had a double claim upon the gratitude of mankind, in the sit in Parliament, and banishment for life from the verge inestimable version of the inspired Scriptures, and in one of the Court. This heavy sentence proved to be little more of the grandest conceptions of human wisdom. The sethan a matter of form. He was confined in the Tower cond portion of The Elements of the Common Law, was but two days, his fine was released by the King, he was styled by its author, The Use of the Law for Preservation suffered to appear at Court, and in 1624 the political inca- of our Persons, Goods, and Good Names, according to the pacity under which he still suffered was removed. His Laws of this Land. This treatise has been praised as seat as a peer in the House of Lords was again open to "Not only completely fitted for the improvement of such as him, and he was summoned to the next Parliament, though study the Law, but also the Book in the world best calculated to he thought proper to decline attendance. His habits of give every man of good sense and unbiassed judgment, both a general idea, and a good opinion of the Law, which is represented improvidence still followed him in his retreat. The teacher therein in that light which is at once the fairest, fullest, and most of philosophic humility and moderation excited the astoagreeable." nishment of a prince by his ostentation, and the author of the Essays on Economy and Improvidence was continually harassed by domestic debts. Prince Charles, encountering his imposing equipage and numerous train on the road, exclaimed with admiration: "Do what we can, this man scorns to go out in snuff." His faithful friend, Rare Ben Jonson, groups together his sunshine and twilight in a few pathetic lines: "My conceit of his person was never increased towards him by his place or honours; but I have and do reverence him for the greatness that was only proper to himself, in that he seemed to me ever, by his work, one of the greatest men and most worthy of admiration that had been in many ages. In his adversity I ever prayed that God would give him strength; for greatness he could not want." The ex-chancellor survived his political bankruptcy five years. The cause of his death is well known. Anxious to test a theory that he had formed relative to the efficacy of snow in arresting animal putrefaction, he one cold day left his coach, near Highgate, bought a fowl at an adjoining cottage, and stuffed it with snow. He was suddenly seized with an alarming sensation of chilliness, and was carried to the mansion of the Earl of Arundel, at Highgate, where he lingered for a week, and expired on Easter morning, 1626, in the arms of his friend, Sir Julius Cæsar. His last letter was written to his host, who was then absent from home. In this letter he calls himself the "martyr of science," and compares himself to Pliny the Elder, who lost his life in the cause of investigation. In his will he leaves his name and memory to men's charitable speeches, "to foreign nations, and to my own countrymen, after some time be passed over." We shall now proceed to review, briefly, the literary productions of the distinguished subject of our memoir. We have already referred to Mr. Basil Montagu as a biographer, and frankly expressed our dissent from some of his conclusions respecting the character of one the influence of whose name is great enough for any thing but successful resistance to the verdict of unconquerable truth. But we should be justly blamed did we omit to record our gratitude to Mr. Montagu for his splendid edition of the Works of Lord Bacon, in 17 vols. 8vo, 1825-34: £8 188. 6d. ; large paper, £26 158. 6d. See ELLIS, R. LESLIE. It is deeply to be regretted that Lord Bacon never carried out a favourite plan long cherished by him, of "Reducing or perfecting the course, or corps, of the Common Law, digesting or recompiling them, so that the entire body and substance of Law should remain; only discharged of idle, or unprofitable, or hurtful matter. I dare not advise to cast the law into a new mould. The work which I propound tendeth to pruning and grafting the Laws, and not to ploughing up and planting it again; for such remove I hold a perilous innovation." His Elements of the Laws of England, published in 1636, consists of, 1. A Collection of some Principal Rules and Maxims of the Common Law, with their Latitude and Extent. We have here but twenty-five out of three hundred Rules which he had collected: "I thought good, before I brought them all into form, to publish some few, that by the taste of other men's opinions, in this first, I might receive either approbation in my own course, or better advice for the altering of others which remain; for it is great reason that that which is intended to the profit of others, should be guided by the conceits of others." The excellence of that which we possess makes us grieve that we have so small a proportion of that which the author designed: "Though some great masters of the Law did outgo him in bulk and particularly in cases: yet in the science of the grounds, and mysteries of the Law, he was exceeded by none."-Preface to Blackstone's Anal. What an invaluable acquisition to the legal and philoso- | The best-known law treatise of Lord Bacon is his Reading on the Statute of Uses, which was delivered before the Society of Gray's Inn about the year 1600. This can be considered only an unfinished design: "A profound treatise on the subject, as far as it goes."-HARGRAVE. The History of the Alienation Office has been cited as a proof of "How great a master he was not in one Law only, but in our History and Antiquities; so that it may be justly said, there never fell any thing from his pen which more clearly and fully demonstrated his abilities." The History of Henry VII. has been censured by Dr. Johnson as evincing a want of care usual to the day: "It is but of late that Historians bestow pains and attention in consulting records, to attain to accuracy. Bacon, in writing his History of Henry VII., does not seem to have consulted any, but to have just taken what he found in other histories, and blended it with what he learned by tradition." But Bishop Nicolson, speaking of the authors who have written concerning the reign of Henry VII., cannot suffi ciently commend our historian: "This good work was most effectually undertaken and completed by the incomparable Sir Francis Bacon, who has bravely surmounted all those difficulties, and passed over those rocks and shallows, against which he took such pains to caution other less experienced historians. He has perfectly put himself into King Henry's own garb and livery, giving as sprightly a view of the secrets of his Council, as if himself had been President in it."English Historical Library. Catherine Macaulay, on the other hand, blames the historian for flattering King James amiable light." Catherine Macaulay's History of England, vol. i. "So far as to paint his grandfather, Henry the Seventh, in an We proceed to the consideration of Bacon's philosophical writings. His Essays, or Counsels, Civil and Moral, were first published in 1597; 2d edition, with additions, In the in 1612; 3d, still further augmented, in 1624. dedication to his brother, Anthony Bacon, the author states that he published his Essays "because many of them had stolen abroad in writing," and he was anxious to give a correct impression of them. "To write just treatises requires leisure in the writer, and leiis ancient; for Seneca's Epistles to Lucilius, if you mark them sure in the reader. . . . The word [Essays] is late, but the thing well, are but Essays, that is, dispersed meditations, though conveyed in the form of Epistles."-From the intended Preface to the 2d edition. This is the work by which Bacon is best known to the majority of readers. Bacon.... "The first in time, and, we may justly say, the first in excellence, of English writings on moral prudence, are the Essays of The transcendent strength of Bacon's mind is visible in the whole tenor of these Essays, unequal as they must be from the very nature of such compositions. They are deeper and more discriminating than any earlier, or almost any later, work in the English language; full of recondite observations, long matured, and carefully sifted. . . . Few books are more quoted, and, what is not always the case with such books, we may add, that few are more generally read. In this respect they lead the van of our prose literature; for no gentleman is ashamed of owning that he has not read the Elizabethan writers; but it would be somewhat derogatory to a man of the slightest claim to polite letters, were he unacquainted with the Essays of Bacon."-Hallam's Introduc. to the Lit. of Europe. "The virtue of these Essays is too well allowed to require any comment. Without the elegance of Addison, or the charming egotism of Montaigne, they have acquired the widest circulation; and if Bacon had written no more, they would have bequeathed his name undying to posterity. Burke preferred them to the rest of his writings, and Dr. Johnson observed, that 'their excellence and value consists in their being the observations of a strong mind operating upon life, and, in consequence, you will find there what you seldom find in other books.""-Malone's Life of Sir Joshua Reynolds: Rose's Biog. Dict.: read the whole of this excellent sketch of Bacon and his writings. verses, that it was on the high road to Dunce table. i. e. Dunstable, and therefore appropriate to the author of such a book. Mr. Se cretary Cuffe said that it was a book which a fool could not have written, and a wise man would not.' King James declared it was like the Peace of God-it passeth all understanding.' Coke wrote, under a device on the title page, of a ship passing through the pillars of Hercules, "It deserveth not to be read in schools, "Under the head of Ethics may be mentioned the small volume to which he has given the title of Essays; the best known and the most popular of all his works. It is also one of those where the superiority of his genius appears to the greatest advantage; the novelty and depth of his reflections often receiving a strong relief from the triteness of his subject. It may be read from beginning to end in a few hours; and yet, after the twentieth perusal, one seldom fails to remark in it something overlooked before. This indeed is a characteristic of all Bacon's writings, and is only to be accounted for by the inexhaustible aliment they furnish to our own thoughts, and the sympathetic activity they impart to our torpid faculties."-Dugald Stewart, 1st Prel. Diss. to Encyc. Brit. About the 26th year of his age, Bacon formed the first sketch of the great work which he designed completing in bis "Instauration of the Sciences." This sketch he entitled Temporus Partus Maximus; The Greatest Birth of Time. In writing, towards the close of his life, to Father Fulgentio, a learned Italian, who had asked of him an ac-strength in his day of adversity," twice Rare Ben Jonson count of his works, he remarks, Equidem memini me quadraginta abhinc annis juvenile opus culum circa has res confecisse, quod magnâ prorsus fiducia et magnifico titulo, Temporis Patrum Maximum,' inscripsi." The Treatise on the Advancement of Learning, which was the germ of the De Augmentis Scientiarum, (pub. 1623,) was published in 1605. "In this, indeed, the whole of the Baconian philosophy may be said to be implicitly contained, except, perhaps, the second book of the Novum Organum." De Sapientia Veterum [The Wisdom of the Ancients] 1609. Written," as he says, "in the midst of a term and Parliament." "A work which, if it had proceeded from any other writer, would have been considered as a masterpiece of wit and learning, but which adds little to the fame of Bacon."-T. B. MACAULAY. But to be freighted in the ship of fools."" To such hypercriticism, the author's faithful friend in prosperity and affliction-the friend who had rejoiced in the rise, and wept over the fall, of "England's High Chancellor," who not only participated in his festive hospitality in that "high day," when "all things did about him smile," but entered into his closet on his behalf, in his hour of darkness and disgrace, to pray that God would "give him thus adverts, when he declares that the Novum Organum, yond the title of Nominals, it is not penetrated or understood, it "Though by the most of superficial men who cannot get bereally openeth all defects of learning whatsoever, and is a book "Qui longum noto scriptori proragat ævum. "To latest time shall hand the author's name."" Morhof, in his Polyhistor, commends this work in the highest terms, remarking that he "Had found but very little in the books since written by Englishmen, the grounds of which he had not long before met with in Bacon; the extent of his genius struck him with admiration, as it must do every man who takes the pains to understand him; because, though this new knowledge of his be very difficult, and requires much study and application to master it, yet it leads to the knowledge of things, and not of words." Voltaire is not behind in commendation: "The most singular and the best of all his pieces is that which is most useless and least read, I mean his Novum Scientiarum Organum; this is the scaffold with which the new Philosophy was In this work, he applies morally or politically "Most of the fables of the Greek Mythology, sometimes display-raised, and when the edifice was built, part of it, at least the scaf ing remarkable acuteness and penetration; at other times an exuberance of fancy which amuses rather than instructs." Novum Organum, 1620. This work was immediately honoured by "the warmest expressions of admiration from the ablest men of Europe." "The greatest of all his works, and the central pile of that edifice of philosophy on which the world has bestowed his name. The Novum Organum was received with unbounded applause of the learned, both in his own and foreign nations, and placed the fame of its author at once above that of every other living author." This work was valued by Bacon above all his other writings; twelve times was it revised, altered, and corrected, year by year, before publication. This ambitious title, in which the author enters the lists with the ancient "Organon," the logical text-book of Aristotle, shows the confidence which the modern philosopher entertained in the value of his improvements in the art of reasoning. This production is to be accepted as the second part of the Instauratio Magna, which he tells us was to be "the science of a better and more perfect use of reason in the investigation of things, and of the true aids to the understanding;" in other words, an exposition of the inductive method; what we now term the Baconian philosophy. The Novanum Organum by no means answers the expressed design of the author. We mean that he has not filled his own sketch. "The aphorisms into which he has digested it being rather the heads or theses of chapters, at least in many places, that would have been farther expanded. And it is still more important to observe that he did not achieve the whole of this summary that he had promised; but out of nine divisions of his method, we only possess the first, which he denominates prærogitive. Eight others, of exceeding importance to logic, he has not touched at all, except to describe them by name, and to promise more. . . . His terminology is often a little affected, and, in Latin, rather barbarous. The divisions of his prerogative instances in the Novum Organum, are not always founded upon intelligible distinctions. And the general obscurity of the style, neither himself nor his assistants being good masters of the Latin language, which, at the best, is never flexible or copious enough for our philosophy, renders the perusal of both his great works too laborious for the impatient reader. Brucker has well observed that the Novum Organum has been neglected by the generality, and proved of far less service than it would otherwise have been in philosophy, in consequence of these very defects, as well as the real depth of the author's mind." HALLAM. To the celebrated Sir Henry Wotton the author sent three copies of this book, which gift was rewarded by a very laudatory letter from this famous statesman, diplomatist, and author. The Novum Organum has received the commendations of very eminent authorities, both in the author's own time, and in every successive generation. Like all productions of genius, it likewise elicited some censorious criticisms. "The geniuses laughed at it, and men of talent and acquirement, whose studies had narrowed their minds into particular channels, incapable of understanding its reasonings, and appreelating its originality, turned wits for the purpose of ridiculing the new publication of the philosophic Lord Chancellor. Dr. Andrews, a forgotten wit of those days, perpetrated a vile pun upon the town and title of St. Alban's, by saying, in some doggerel fold, was no longer of service. The Lord Bacon was not yet acseveral paths that led to it."-Letters on the English Nation; quoted quainted with nature, but then he knew, and pointed out, the in the Biog. Brit. The whole of this excellent article should be perused. Let us quote the opinions of a few modern writers: "Though he possessed, in a most eminent degree, the genius of philosophy, he did not unite with it the genius of the sciences; the methods proposed by him for the investigation of truth, consisting entirely of precepts which he was unable to exemplify, had little or no effect in accelerating the rate of discovery."-CONDORCET: in Dugald Stewart's Prel. Diss. to Encyc. Brit. "The merits of Bacon, as the father of Experimental Philosophy, are so universally acknowledged, that it would be superfluous to touch upon them here. The lights which he has struck out in various branches of the Philosophy of Mind have been much less attended to... In the extent and accuracy of his physical knowledge, he was far inferior to many of his predecessors; but he surpassed them all in his knowledge of the laws, the resources, and the limits of the human understanding."-DUGALD STEWART, ibid. "Without any disparagement to the admirable treatise De Augmentis, we must say, that, in our judgment, Bacon's greatest performance is the first book of the Novum Organum. All the peculiarities of his extraordinary mind are found there in the highest which he gives examples of the influence of the idola, show a perfection. Many of the aphorisms, but particularly those in nicety of observation that has never been surpassed. Every part of the book blazes with wit, but with wit which is employed only to illustrate and decorate truth. No book ever made so great a revolution in the mode of thinking, overthrew so many prejudices, introduced so many new opinions."-T. B. MACAULAY: the reader should peruse and reperuse this admirable article. The De Augmentis Scientiarum, a translation of the Advancement of Learning, revised and enlarged, (see ante,) was published in 1623. The Biblical Simile of King James has been imputed to this, as well as the preceding, work. The translation was made by Ben Jonson, George Herbert, and other friends. Apothegms, 1625. "The best jest-book ever given to the public."-Edin. Rev.,No.132. Translation of Psalms into English Verse, 1625. "Aubrey declared Lord Bacon to have been a good poet, but in this work his piety is more to be commended than his poetry. It was dedicated to his friend, the incomparable George Herbert." Among his principal works may also be reckoned the A list will be Sylva Sylvarum and the New Atlantis. found in Watt's Bibliotheca Britannica. Mr. Montagu's complete edition, published 1825-34, comprises no less than 17 volumes. As the reader will frequently find in notices of Bacon's philosophy references to the Instauratio Magna, or Instauration of the Sciences, we can hardly properly dismiss our subject without giving a brief programme (abbreviated from Mr. Hallam's excellent Introduction to the Lit. of Europe-a book which should be in every library) of this noble project of Lord Bacon: "The Instauratio Magna, dedicated to James, is divided, according to the magnificent ground-plot of its author, into six parts. "The first of these he entitles Partitiones Scientiarum, comprehending a general summary of that kind of knowledge which mankind already possess; yet not merely treating this affirmatively, but taking special notice of whatever should seem deficient or imperfect; sometimes even supplying, by illustration or pre |