the universal world by his mind, as he represents it by his body.

The Latins called him Inuus and Incubus, the "nightmare ;" and at Rome he was worshipped, and called Lupercus and Lyceus. To his honour a temple was built at the foot of the Palatine hill, and festivals called Lupercalia were instituted, in which his priests, the Luperci, ran about the streets naked.

His descent is uncertain, but the common opinion is, that he was born of Mercury and Penelope. For when Mercury fell violently in love with her, and tried in vain to move her, at last, by changing himself into a white goat, succeeded. Pan, after he was born, was wrapt up in the skin of a hare, and carried to heaven.

He is represented as a horned half goat, that resembles a beast rather than a man, much less a god. He has a smiling, ruddy face, his nose is flat, his beard comes down to his breast, his skin is spotted, and he has the tail, legs, and feet of a goat; his head is crowned or girt about with pine, and he holds a crooked staff in one hand, and in the other a pipe of uneven reeds, with the music of which he can cheer even the gods themselves.

When the Gauls, under Brennus, their leader, made an irruption into Greece, and were just about to plunder the city Delphi, Pan, so terrific in appearance, alarmed them to such a degree, that they all betook themselves to flight, though nobody pursued them. Whence we proverbially say, that men are in panic fear, when we see them affrighted with

out a cause.

Now hear what the image of Pan signifies. Pan is a symbol of the world. In his upper part he resembles a man, in his lower part a beast; because the superior and celestial part of the world is beautiful, radiant, and glorious: as is the face of this

god, whose horns resemble the rays of the sun, and the horns of the moon: the redness of his face is like the splendour of the sky; and the spotted skin that he wears, is an image of the starry firmament. In his lower parts he is shagged and deformed, which represents the shrubs and wild beasts, and the trees of the earth below: his goats' feet signify the solidity of the earth; and his pipe of seven reeds, that celestial harmony which is made by the seven planets. He has a sheep-hook, crooked at the top, in his hand, which signifies the turning of the year into itself.

The nymphs dance to the music of the pipe; which instrument Pan first invented. You will wonder when you hear the relation which the poets give to this pipe, namely, as oft as Pan blows it, the dugs of the sheep are filled with milk: for he is the god of the shepherds and hunters, the captain of the nymphs, the president of the mountains and of a country life, and the guardian of the flocks that graze upon the mountains:

"Pan curat oves, oviumque magistros."

Virg. Ecl. 2.

Pan loves the shepherds, and their flocks he feeds.

He

The nymph Echo fell in love with him, and brought him a daughter named Iringes, who gave Medea the medicines with which he charmed Jason. could not but please Dryope, to gain whom, he laid aside his divinity and became a shepherd. But he did not court the nymph Syrinx with so much success: for she ran away to avoid, her lover; till coming to a river (where her flight was stopped,) she prayed the Naiades, the nymphs of the waters, because she could not escape her pursuer, to change her into a bundle of reeds, just as Pan was laying hold of her, who therefore caught the reeds in his

arms instead of her. The winds moving these reeds backward and forward occasioned mournful but musical sounds, which Pan perceiving, he cut them down, and made of them reeden pipes:

"Dumque ibi suspirat, motos in arundine ventos
Effecisse sonum tenuem, similemque querenti.
Arte nova, vocisque Deum dulcedine captum,
Hoc mihi concilium tecum, dixisse, manebit;
Atque ita disparibus calamis compagine ceræ
Inter se junctis nomen tenuisse puellæ."

He sighs, his sighs the tossing reeds return

In soft small notes, like one that seem'd to mourn,
The new, but pleasant notes the gods surprise,
Yet this shall make us friends at last, he cries:
So he this pipe of reeds unequal fram'd

With wax; and Syrinx from his mistress nam'd.

But Lucretius ascribes the invention of these pipes not to Pan, but to some countrymen, who had observed, on another occasion, the whistling of the wind through reeds:

"Zephyri cava per calamorum sibila primum:
Agrestes docuere cavas inflare cicutas;
Inde minutatim dulces didicere querelas,

Tibia quas fundit digitis pulsata canentum :
Avia per nemora ac sylvas saltusque reperta,

Per loca pastorum deserta atque otia Dia." Lucr. 1. 5.
And while soft ev'ning gales blew o'er the plains,
And shook the sounding reeds, they taught the swains;
And thus the pipe was fram'd, and tuneful reed:
And while the tender flocks securely feed,
And harmless shepherds tune their pipes to love.
And Amaryllis sounds in ev'ry grove.

In the sacrifices of this god, they offered to him milk and honey in a shepherd's bottle. He was more especially worshipped in Arcadia, for which reason he is so often called Pan, Deus Arcadiæ.

Some derive from him Hispania, Spain, formerly called Iberia; for he lived there, when he returned from the Indian war, to which he went with Bacchus and the Satyrs."