During his confinement in the Tower, he composed Observations on military affairs, &c.' which was published soon after his death in a small folio. Some speeches and letters of his relating to the restoration were also published in London, 1714.

Montagu, Earl of Sandwich.

BORN A. D. 1625-DIED A. D. 1672.

EDWARD MONTAGU, first earl of Sandwich, was the only son of Sir Sidney Montagu. He was born on the 27th of July, 1625. Sir Sidney had passed his life in the household service of James and Charles I., and was warmly attached to the royal family and the monarchical principle. He had firmness of mind, however, to resist the blandishments of a court, and, on some occasions, evinced an attachment to constitutional liberty, which was little calculated to advance his interests as a courtier and placeman. He died in 1642, after having evinced some disposition to join the parliamentary party in their more moderate measures of reform. His son, the subject of this sketch, at the early age of seventeen married Jemima, daughter of John, Lord Crewe, an alliance which, in a great measure, identified the youthful husband with the commonwealth-men. The death of his father, not many months after, removed the last obstacle to his estrangement from the royal party, and in August, 1643, the youth received a commis sion from the parliament to raise a regiment of one thousand men in Cambridgeshire, and to take the command of it with the title of colonel. He was at the time on good terms with Cromwell, and probably owed this distinction to that great man's favour.

On the 6th of May, 1644, young Montagu gallantly headed his regiment at the storming of Lincoln, and in the battle of Marston moor, on the succeeding July, he acted with great skill and courage. In September, 1645, he had a brigade of four regiments entrusted to him at the siege of Bristol, and on the capture of that important place was despatched by Fairfax and Cromwell to communicate the news to parliament.

On the elevation of Cromwell to the protectorate, Montagu was nominated one of the supreme council of fifteen, and shortly after was joined to Desborough in the office of high-admiral. In 1656, he accompanied Blake to the Mediterranean; and on the death of that gallant seaman, was appointed admiral of the fleet in the Downs. In this situation, his diplomatic talents were called into exercise in the negotiations with Sweden and Denmark. But the death of Oliver Cromwell, and the confusion which followed, changed the face of affairs; and conceiving himself to have been injured by the existing government, he entered into the plans which were now ripening in England for the restoration of the monarchy. The failure of Booth's movement exposed the royalist leaders to no small danger, but Montagu, although he had so far committed himself as to leave Copenhagen without orders, boldly presented himself before the parliament, and urged, in justification of his conduct, that he had been compelled to return by shortness of provisions. He then resigned his command; and the parliament, being

already abundantly occupied with other matters, allowed him to retire quietly into the country.

On the return of Monk into England, and the restoration of the secluded members, Montagu and he were joined in a commission for the execution of the office of lord-high-admiral. The king secretly ratified this appointment; but such was Montagu's impatience to gain the royal favour, that he sailed for Holland without orders, leaving only two or three of the smaller ships to convey the parliamentary deputation. On his arrival, he surrendered his command to the duke of York, and, a few days after, received Charles on board his own ship. For these services, he was invested with the garter, and advanced to the peerage by the titles of Baron Montagu of St Neots, Viscount Hinchinbroke, and earl of Sandwich.

In June, 1661, he sailed on an expedition against the piratical states of Barbary; whence he proceeded to Lisbon, where, having officiated as proxy for Charles in the ceremony of espousing Catharine of Braganza, he conveyed that princess to Portsmouth. In the great engagement with the Dutch fleet, on the 3d of June, 1644, Sandwich, as admiral of the blue squadron, performed eminent services, and is said to have been the first to practise the bold expedient of breaking the enemy's line. There had long existed a great degree of jealousy betwixt Monk and Montagu. An opportunity which offered itself some time after this, of preferring a complaint against the earl, was eagerly embraced by Monk, who sought nothing less than the ruin of his rival. It would appear that, contrary to the admiralty rule that bulk, as it is called, of any captured ship, shall not be broken till it be brought into port, and adjudged to be lawful capture, Sandwich had gratified his seamen with a partial distribution of prize-money while yet at sea. Monk threatened him with impeachment, and succeeded in stirring up a great popular clamour against him; but the king dexterously interposed betwixt the rivals, and by appointing Sandwich his ambassadorextraordinary to the court of Madrid, got him honourably extricated from the danger and disgrace which threatened him. He arrived at Madrid in May, 1666, and was received with great distinctions. The objects of his mission were to negotiate a treaty of commerce with England, and to mediate a peace between Spain and Portugal. In both objects he was completely successful, and won for himself renewed royal favour and increased popularity.

In 1672, on the renewal of the Dutch war, he was again appointed vice-admiral of the fleet under the duke of York.-On the 28th of May, the hostile fleets joined battle. The earl's vessel was surrounded by fire-ships, which soon enveloped the vessel in flames. The surviving portion of his crew-of whom three-fourths had already fallen in the close and desperate fight, which the vessel had maintained with superior numbers-betook themselves to the long-boat, but the admiral obstinately refused to quit his ship, and perished in the flames. His body was picked up some days after. The determination with which he sacrificed his life is said to have been occasioned by an affront which he had received from the high-admiral immediately before going into action. Bishop Kennet says: "The day before, there was great jollity and feasting in the English fleet, in the midst of which my lord of Sandwich was ob served to say, that, as the wind stood, the fleet were in danger of

being surprised by the Dutch, and therefore, thought it advisable to weigh anchor and get out to sea. The duke of York, lord-high-admiral, slighted the advice, and retorted upon the earl that he spoke this out of fear, which reflection his lordship is thought to have so far resented, as, the next day, out of indignation, to have sacrificed his life, which he might otherwise have preserved." This account, however, appears to be unsupported. The duke of Buckingham, who served in that engagement as a volunteer, and who writes of this officer; Bishop Parker, in his History of his own Times,' who narrates his death and describes his character; nor any other of reputation who wrote near that time mention it. Nor is it likely that the duke of York, so courteous in his deportment, would use expressions so unbecoming to his next in command, one of the bravest of an age of brave men. His remains were deposited in the same vault with those of his competitor, Monk.

Charles EE.

BORN A. D. 1630.-DIED A. D. 1685.

CHARLES II, son of Charles I. and Henrietta Maria of France, was born at Whitehall, on the 29th of May, 1630. He was living at the Hague, under the protection of his brother-in-law, the prince of Orange, when his father was beheaded. On the announcement of that event, he assumed the royal title, and began to concert measures for the recovery of the crown of England. The Scots proclaimed him their king, at the cross of Edinburgh, on the 5th of February, 1649; but to this proclamation they appended the provision, that before the new prince should enter on the exercise of royal authority, he should give in his adhesion to the solemn league and covenant. The Scottish par

liament also sent commissioners to Holland for the purpose of making a formal offer of allegiance to Charles; but the conditions with which they coupled it were of so embarrassing a kind, at this very critical juncture, that Charles hesitated to pledge himself to them, and at last dismissed the commission with an unsatisfactory answer. An invitation from Ormond to land in Ireland, where the royal cause was now predominant, presented more inviting prospects, and was accepted; but the charms of a mistress detained him, while on his route to Ireland, at St Germain, until the success of Cromwell's arms had annihilated the hopes of the royalists in that quarter. While at St Germain, he gave Montrose a commission to raise the royal standard in the Highlands of Scotland. On the signal failure of that attempt, with characteristic perfidy, he addressed a letter to the Scottish parliament, in which he protested that he had expressly forbidden Montrose to proceed on his expedition, and affected to rejoice in his failure. In the same despatch he declared his willingness to take the solemn league and covenant, to put down the catholic religion throughout his dominions, and to govern in civil matters by advice of the parliament, in religion, by that of the kirk.' These provisions satisfied the Scots, and, in

June, 1649, he landed in Scotland, and was received with royal honours. On the first day of January, 1651, Charles was crowned at Scone, after having sworn to abolish all false religions, and to establish the presbyterial government in Scotland and in his own family. The advance of Cromwell, and his repeated victories over the Scottish forces, soon placed Charles in a position of considerable embarrassment; but he escaped the pressing danger of the moment by executing a rapid march into England, from Stirling, in the direction of Carlisle. The protector followed him hard, however; and the battle of Worcester, fought on the 3d of September, 1651, annihilated the dawning hopes of the royalists, and compelled Charles once more to seek safety in flight to a foreign country. His adventures after his escape from the fatal field of Worcester, until he got embarked for France, were of the most romantic description; but are too well known to need detail here. Suffice it to say, that the hardships which he encountered on this occasion did him no small service, by enlisting the sympathies of those to whom they were related, and investing his character-hitherto of little estimation in the public eye--with somewhat of the qualities of a hero and a monarch.

Paris was the place which Charles first fixed upon as a residence during this, his second exile, but his licentious character soon stripped him of the respect of the French court, and, in a moment of spleen, he retired to Cologne, where he continued to relieve the tediousness of exile in no very dignified manner. In a letter to his aunt, the queen of Bohemia, written during the time which he passed at this latter city, we find him complaining of the want of good fiddlers, and of some one capable of teaching himself and his court the new dances! 2

We have already related, in our notice of General Monk, the manner in which that officer effected the restoration of Charles. It is difficult, however, to account for the very general satisfaction with which the prince was received back to the throne of his ancestors, upon the strength of no other provisions than those contained in the celebrated declaration of Breda. That document granted, 1st, A free and general pardon to all subjects of his majesty, excepting such as might after wards be excepted by parliament. 2d, It declared a full toleration on the subject of religion. 3d, It left the settlement of all differences arising out of occurrences during the revolution, to the wisdom of parliament. And lastly, it promised to liquidate the arrears due to the army. Let us see how these stipulations were observed. A few days after his landing in England, Charles issued a proclamation, in which he commanded his father's judges to surrender themselves within fourteen days, on pain of forfeiture of life and estate. A new act of uniformity was, ere long, promulgated, by which every beneficed minister, every fellow of a college, and every schoolmaster, was required to declare his unfeigned assent to all and every thing contained in the book of common prayer; and every minister was required publicly to declare, that it is not lawful, on any pretence whatever, to take arms against the king. In less than two years from the time of the passing of the act of uniformity, the conventicle act was passed, for the purpose of putting down all non-conformist

'Ellis's Original Letters, 2nd series.

worship. These penal severities were followed up by the Oxford act, which enacted. that all non-conforming ministers who should refuse to swear "not to endeavour, at any time, any alteration of government in church or state," should be excluded from inhabiting incorporations, and should not be suffered to come within five miles of any city or place where they had preached. The kind of respect which he bore for the power and authority of parliament was evinced in his speech at the opening of the session of 1664, in which he vehemently urged the repeal of the triennial act, and spoke of his never suffering a parliament to come together by the means prescribed by that bill.

Charles's council was of an exceedingly heterogeneous character. It consisted of the royal brothers, James and Henry, Hyde the chancellor, Ormond the lord-steward, Lord Culpepper master of the rolls, and Secretary Nicholas. Then came Monk, and his friend, Morrice, and all the surviving counsellors of the First Charles, some of whom had maintained the cause of the parliament against the crown. Of all these, Hyde was the presiding and master-spirit, however, and the counsels given by him Charles implicitly adopted. The trial of the regicides, and the conferences at the Savoy, the trial and death of Argyle, and the re-establishment of episcopacy in Scotland, were among the earliest events of Charles's reign.

In 1662, Charles married the infanta of Portugal. Bishop Burnet says that the king met Katherine at Winchester, in the summer of that year; that the archbishop of Canterbury went thither to perform the ceremony, but that the queen was bigotted to such a degree that she would not pronounce the words of the service, nor bear the sight of the archbishop; and that the king alone repeated the words hastily, whereupon the archbishop pronounced them married persons. He adds, " Upon this, some thought afterwards to have dissolved the marriage, as a marriage only de facto, in which no consent had been given; but the duke of York told me they were married by the lord Aubigny, according to the Roman ritual, and that he himself was one of the witnesses; and he added, that, a few days before he told me this, the queen had said to him that she heard some intended to call her marriage in question, and that if that was the case, she must call on him as one of the witnesses to prove it." Such is the bishop's statement. Lady Fanshawe, however, in her very interesting Memoirs,' informs us, that "as soon as the king had notice of the queen's landing, he immediately sent my husband that night to welcome her majesty on shore, and followed himself the next day; and, upon the 21st of May, the king married the queen at Portsmouth, in the presence-chamber of his majesty's house. There was a rail across the upper part of the room," Lady Fanshawe continues, “in which entered only the king and queen, the bishop of London, the marquess Desande, the Portuguese ambassador, and my husband; in the other part of the room there were many of the nobility and servants to their majesties. The bishop of London declared them married in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost: and then they caused the ribbons her majesty wore to be cut in little pieces, This account and, as far as they would go, every one had some." The licentious agrees pretty nearly with that of Bishop Kennet. monarch now boasted of the pattern of conjugal fidelity that he would