WINCHESTER, C. T. Some Principles of Literary Criticism.
WORSFOLD, W. BASIL. The Principles of Criticism.

A LIST OF NON-FICTION BOOKS FOR OUTSIDE

READING

America To-day. William Archer.

The Land of Little Rain. Mary Austin.

Fame and Fiction. Arnold Bennett.

Literary Taste and How to Form It. Arnold Bennett.

From a College Window. A. C. Benson.

The Upton Letters. A. C. Benson.

Pepacton. John Burroughs.

Riverby. John Burroughs.

Wake-Robin. John Burroughs.

Winter Sunshine. John Burroughs.

Alarms and Discursions. G. K Chesterton.

All Things Considered. G. K. Chesterton.
Heretics. G. K. Chesterton.

Tremendous Trifles. G. K. Chesterton.

What's Wrong with the World. G. K. Chesterton.
England and the English. Price Collier.
Germany and the Germans. Price Collier.
The West in the East. Price Collier.

By the Christmas Fire. Samuel M. Crothers.
The Gentle Reader. Samuel M. Crothers.
The Pardoner's Wallet. Samuel M. Crothers.
Letters from a Chinese Official. G. L. Dickinson.
Religion and Immortality. G. L. Dickinson.

A Traveler at Forty. Theodore Dreiser.

The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft. George Gissing.
Adventures in Contentment. David Grayson.
Adventures in Friendship. David Grayson.
The Intellectual Life. P. G. Hamerton.
Imaginary Interviews. William Dean Howells.
Italian Journeys. William Dean Howells.
Literature and Life. William Dean Howells.
Venetian Life. William Dean Howells.
Memories and Studies. William James.
Essays of Elia. Charles Lamb.

Fireside and Sunshine. E. V. Lucas.

American Ideals. Hamilton W. Mabie.
Backgrounds of Literature. Hamilton W. Mabie.
My Study Fire. Hamilton W. Mabie.

The American of the Future. Brander Matthews.
Aspects of Fiction. Brander Matthews.
Inquiries and Opinions. Brander Matthews.
My First Summer in the Sierra. John Muir.
Our National Parks. John Muir.

The Provincial American. Meredith Nicholson.
The Old Dominion. Thomas Nelson Page.

The Old South. Thomas Nelson Page.

Our House and the People in It. Elizabeth Robins Pennell.
The American Mind. Bliss Perry.

Americans and Others. Agnes Repplier.
Books and Men. Agnes Repplier.
The Fireside Sphinx. Agnes Repplier.
The Face of the Fields. Dallas Lore Sharp.
The Fall of the Year. Dallas Lore Sharp.
The Lay of the Land. Dallas Lore Sharp.
Dreamthorp. Alexander Smith.

Familiar Studies of Men and Books. Robert Louis Stevenson. An Inland Voyage. Robert Louis Stevenson.

Silverado Squatters. Robert Louis Stevenson.

Travels with a Donkey. Robert Louis Stevenson.

Virginibus Puerisque. Robert Louis Stevenson.
Walden. Henry D. Thoreau.

Fisherman's Luck. Henry Van Dyke.
Little Rivers. Henry Van Dyke.

Nature for its Own Sake. John Van Dyke.

The Cabin. Stewart Edward White.
The Forest. Stewart Edward White.
The Mountains. Stewart Edward White.
The Pass. Stewart Edward White.
Mere Literature. Woodrow Wilson.

EXERCISES

1. Explain in about one hundred words the purpose of expository writing.

2. Indicate the chief differences in aim and in method between description and exposition.

3. Prove that in practice exposition, description, and narration are very closely related. Give concrete examples.

4. By what means may written exposition be supplemented for the sake of clearness and emphasis?

5. Why is careful and effective arrangement of parts necessary in expository writing?

6. Indicate the importance of introductions, transitions, summaries, and conclusions in exposition? - Will their use depend at all upon the fact that the ideas are to be spoken or written? 7. Make a list of subjects whose explanation would involve the use of diagrams or illustrations.

8. Write upon some subject chosen from each of the following lists. Pay special attention to accuracy of information, arrangement of details, and perfect clearness of explanation. Decide whether you will use diagrams. Compare your work with that in an encyclopædia. Could your explanation be improved either in quantity of information or in lucidity of presentation?

A

A well-arranged kitchen; a comfortable living-room; a modern bathroom; a pleasant schoolroom; a clubroom; an office; a grocery store; a sanitary butcher-shop.

B

A dish-washer; telephone; telegraph; electric bell; telescope; electric heater or toaster; electric fan; aëroplane; balloon; parachute; safe; gramophone; dictograph; automatic pianoplayer.

C

Typewriting; copying letters; using a mimeograph; baking cake; washing dishes; keeping accounts; using the telephone; taking care of a garden; paddling a canoe; rowing a boat; using a sewing machine; registering letters; depositing or drawing money in a bank; using a stereopticon; heliographing; sending a telegram; making a block print; drawing a book from the library.

D

Elevator; automobile; motor launch; gas engine; grain elevator; street car; rock drill; steam shovel; moving-picture

machine; wireless station; cash register; life-saving station; time clock; stop watch; fire alarm; fire station; electric meter; brewery; bakery; speedometer; addressing machine; thermometer; barometer; arc lamp; linotype; monotype; printing press; slot machine; electric range.

E

Making paper; canning vegetables; preserving fruit; printing a newspaper, book, or circular; installing an electric sign; running a soda fountain; manufacturing textiles, steel rails, bookcases, sugar, leather, feathers, shoes, etc.; making a dress; pasteurizing milk; making slides for a stereopticon or microscope; enlarging a photograph; glass blowing; coal mining; drilling an oil well; irrigating a farm; steering an ocean liner; finding a ship's position at sea.

3. DEFINITION

I. Clearness, definiteness, and precision are necessary in speaking and in writing because the accuracy and vividness of the ideas expressed depend almost entirely upon the words used. It is only comparatively rarely that we can supplement our spoken words by significant gestures or our written words by appropriate illustrations. The greatest possible care must be taken by the writer to say exactly what he means. Precision and exactness must precede grace and ease of expression.

2. Ideas and the words that represent them should be precise and definite for the following reasons:

1. The daily experience of the ordinary person is concerned with concrete things, with specific actions, with definite ideas, and with clearly determined ends or purposes.

2. Efficiency in communication with others depends upon definiteness in thought and expression. We must say what we mean as well as mean what we

say. Accuracy is essential to truth; vagueness leads to misunderstanding.

3. In discussions, in arguments, and in legal matters, limitation and definition of terms is absolutely

necessary.

4. In descriptive and narrative writing force of impression is greatly increased by precision in the choice of words.

3. Ideas are vague for the following reasons:

1. They are strange and unfamiliar to the reader. 2. They are too large in their implication or too unrestricted in meaning.

3. There is a possibility of a different interpretation or a different emphasis being given to the term by different people.

4. A term may have become confused with another, owing to constant lack of precision in popular thought.

5. Some ideas are so intangible, so difficult of representation, or so complicated that it is almost impossible to submit them to the process of examination that results in definition.

6. In translating from a foreign language vagueness occasionally results from a lack of coincidence in meaning and from the scarcity of exact synonyms.

4. Ideas may be made definite in these ways: 1. By a logical definition, which mentions the general class to which the object or idea to be defined belongs and adds the particular individual differences that distinguish that object or idea from others in the same class. This process consists of realizing what are the essential and distinguishing features of the idea defined, or rejecting all that is