"Not 1 paint what is there? And you are the man who talks of art being highest when it copies 2 nature!"

"Exactly; and therefore you must paint, not what is there, but what you see there. They forget that human beings are men with two eyes, and not daguerreotype lenses with one eye, and so are contriving and striving to introduce into their pictures the very 6 defect of the daguerreotype which the stereoscope is required to correct."

"I comprehend. They forget that the double vision of our two eyes gives a softness, and indistinctness, and roundness to every outline." 8

"Exactly so; and therefore,10 while for distant landscapes, motionless, and already softened by atmosphere, the daguerreotype is invaluable,11 (I shall do nothing else this summer but work at it,)12 yet 13 for taking portraits,14 in any true sense,15 it will always be useless, not only for the reason I just gave,16 but for another one which the pre-Raphaelites have forgotten."

"Because all the features cannot be in focus at once ?

"Oh no, I am not speaking of that. Art, for aught I know,17 may overcome that; 18 for it is a mere de

1 Not, ne pas-2 you are, etc.......copies, et c'est vous qui venez nous dire que l'art s'élève en copiant-3 not, non pas4 one, un seul and so are contriving and striving, et ils sont là qui se battent les flancs- -6 the very, précisément ce—7 which the stereoscope is required to, que l'on demande au stéréoscope de-8 gives a softness, and indistinctness, and roundness to every outline, adoucit et arrondit chaque contour, qui se trouve ainsi moins fortement accusé- exactly so, c'est cela même 10 and therefore, et voilà pourquoi-11 invaluable, d'un prix incalculable-12 I shall, etc.......at it, je ne vais m'occuper que de cela tout cet été-13 yet, may be left out-14 for taking portraits, literally, "for making the portrait"-15 in any true sense, dans la vraie acception du mot-16 I just gave, que je viens de donner-17 for aught I know, autant que j'en puis juger—18 may overcome that, peut (or: pourra) obvier à cet inconvénient.

WHERE PRE-RAPHAELITISM FAILS.

35

9

11

15

fect1 in the instrument. What I mean is this :2 it 3 tries to represent as still what never yet was still for 5 the thousandth part of a second-that is, a human face; and as seen by a spectator who is perfectly still, which 7 no man ever yet was. My dear fellow,8 don't you see that what some painters call idealizing 10 a portrait is,11 if it be wisely done, 12 really painting 13 for you the face which you see, and know, and love :14 her ever-shifting features, with expression varying 16 more rapidly than the gleam of the diamond on 17 her finger; features which you, in in 18 your turn, are looking at with evershifting eyes; while, perhaps, if it is a face you love and have lingered over,19 a dozen other 20 expressions equally belonging to it 21 are hanging in 22 your memory, and blending themselves 23 with the actual picture 24 on your retina till every angle is 25 somewhat rounded, every

:

a

1 It is a mere defect, il ne provient que d'un défaut—2 “here is (voici) what I mean”—3 it, le daguerréotype (see note, p. 16)— what never yet was, ce qui n'a jamais jusqu'à présent été (see note", p. 32)-5 for, pendant-6 that is, c'est-à-dire-7 which, ce que- fellow, garçon-9 some, certains-10 idealizing, "to idealize" 11"it is”—12 if it be done wisely, si l'idée est exécutée avec jugement-1 13" to paint really"-14 and know, and love, "which you know, which you love"-15 ever-shifting, constamment mobiles 16 with, etc., " of which the expression varies❞—17 "at"18 in, "at"-19 and have lingered over, et qui vous a captivé20 a dozen other, vingt autres-21 "which belong to it equally". 22 are hanging in, vont et viennent dans-23 and blending themselves, et se confondent-24 the actual picture, le portrait lui-même 25 is, finit par se trouver.

on,

a When the conjunction till or until refers to time or distance, and means as long as the moment when, or as far as the place where, it is rendered by "jusqu'à ce que"-or by "que......ne," after a negative proposition; and the following verb is generally used in the subjunctive mood. Ex. I will work till it is too dark to see, "je travaillerai jusqu'à ce qu'il fasse trop sombre pour y voir;" I will not rest till I have done it, "je ne me reposerai pas que je ne l'aie fait." But when till or until refers to quantity, and means, as it does here, to such an extent, to such a degree that, it must be rendered by "au point que," and the verb always remains in the indicative or the conditional. The latter meaning is not to be

3

little wrinkle somewhat softened, every little shade somewhat blended with the surrounding light, so that the sum total of what you see, and are intended by Heaven to see, is something far softer, lovelier younger, perhaps, thank Heaven,5 than it would look if your head were 7 screwed down 8 in a vice to look with one eye at her head 10 screwed down in a vice also: 11-though even that, thanks to the muscles of the eye, would not produce 12 the required ugliness; and the only possible method 13 of fulfilling the pre-Raphaelite ideal would be to set a petrified Cyclops to 14 paint his petrified brother.

C. KINGSLEY, "Two Years Ago."

THE DEATH OF BAYARD* (A.D. 1524).

At 15 the beginning of the charge,16 Bonnivet, while exerting himself 17 with much valour, was wounded so dangerously as obliged him 18 to quit the field; 19 and

1

Softened, aplanie-2 blended with, fondue dans-3 and are intended by Heaven to see, et de ce que le Ciel a voulu que vous vissiez 4 literally: " something of much softer"-5 thank Heaven, Dieu merci-6 than it would look, qu'il ne vous le paraîtrait (see note a, p. 29)-7 "if you had the head"-8 screwed down, fixée-9 with one, d'un seul-10 at her head, sa tête à elle11 literally: "equally fixed in another vice"-12 though even that... would not produce, et encore, cela ne produirait-il pas.................. 13 method, moyen- —14 to set..............to, de mettre......à.

15 At, dès, i. e., "from"-16 charge, action-17 while exerting himself, qui se comporta-18 as obliged him, "that he was obliged"— 19"field of battle."

found in any dictionary, and yet, being given a sentence like this: "She was so frightened that she ran till she was ready to sink," it would be absurd to translate till by "jusqu'à ce que," which would imply that "she ran" just as long as, and no longer than, the very moment when "she was ready to sink."

* Pierre du Terrail, Seigneur de Bayard, surnamed the Chevalier sans peur et sans reproche, was born near Grenoble, in 1476.

THE DEATH OF BAYARD.

37

the conduct 1 of the rear was 2 committed to the Chevalier Bayard, who, though so much a stranger to the arts of a court 4 that he never rose to the chief command,5 was always called, in times of real danger, to posts of greatest difficulty and importance. He put himself at the head of the men at arms, and animating

α

them by his presence and example to sustain the whole shock of the enemy's troops,10 he gained time for 11 the rest of his countrymen to make good 12 their retreat. But in this service 13 he received a wound which he immediately perceived to be 14 mortal, and being unable to continue 15 any 16 longer on horseback, he ordered his attendants 17 to place him under 18 a tree, with his face b towards the enemy; then 19 fixing his eyes on the guard of his sword, which he held up 20 instead of a cross,21 he addressed his prayers to God, and in this posture, which became 22 his character both as a soldier and as a 23

"

1 Conduct, "command"-2" was then"-3 no capital-1 so much, etc.......court, simply: si peu courtisan-5 chief command, commandement en chef-6 imperfect- -7 "in the moments"-8 of greatest, etc., "the most difficult and the most important' — men at arms, gens d'armes-10 the whole shock of the enemy's troops, le choc de toute l'armée ennemie " he gained time for, il donna le temps à-12 to make good, d'effectuer-13 in this service, en se dévouant ainsi-14 which he.....perceived to be, qu'il sentit ..être (see note p. 3)-15 continue, rester-16 any, to be left out-17 attendants, gens- 18 to place him under, de l'appuyer contre —19 then, puis, or: là—20 which he held up, qu'il tint élevée—21 instead of a cross, en guise de crucifix-22 became, convenait à23 both as a......and as a, et comme......et comme.

b

a "And by his example." The repetition of his is indispensable; that of by is a matter of choice, being simply emphatic. However, the prepositions à, de, and en, must always be repeated before each noun or pronoun, together with the article, or the possessive or demonstrative adjective (my, etc., or this, etc.), which may accompany the first noun.

b With his face, le visage tourné, or, simply: le visage. Mark the omission of with, and the use of the article instead of his, because a part of the body is mentioned (see note, p. 7).

Christian,1 he calmly waited the approach of death.2 Bourbon, who led the foremost of the enemy's situation, and expressed "Pity not me," cried the die as a man of honour my duty; they, indeed,

troops, found him in this regret and pity at the sight.7 high-spirited chevalier, "I ought, in the discharge of 10

8

are objects of pity who fight against their king, their country, and their oath." The Marquis 11 of Pescara, passing 12 soon after, manifested 13 his admiration of 14 Bayard's virtues, as well as 15 his sorrow for his fate, with the generosity of a gallant enemy, and finding 16 that he could not be removed 17 with safety 18 from that spot,19 ordered a tent to be pitched there, and appointed proper

2

1 No capital literally: "he waited the death with calm"3 imperf. the foremost, la tête-5 enemy's troops, troupes ennemies-6 found him......and expressed, le trouvant ......lui exprima— 7 regret......at the sight, les regrets......que sa vue lui causait8 high-spirited, intrépide-9 ought, doit mourir-10 in the discharge of, en faisant-11 no capital-12 passing, venant à passer-13 manifested, témoigna—14 of "for"—15 as well as, ainsi que—16 finding, 'seeing"-17 removed, transporté-18 with safety, sans danger— 19 from that spot, du lieu où il était.

66

a He who, she who, and they who, when taken in the indefinite sense of" whoever" are expressed, not by lui, elle, eux, elles qui, but by celui qui, celle qui, ceux qui, and celles qui. And when he, she, they, are separated in English from the relative pronouns, they must be joined in French, and the second part of the sentence comes first. Ex.: He deceived you who told you that, "celui qui vous a dit cela vous a trompé." If, however, emphasis is desirable, the pronouns can remain separated, as in English, by adding the particle là to celui, celle, ceux, celles; and our text may very well be rendered by: Ceux-là vraiment sont à plaindre, qui, etc.......

Literally: "he there made to pitch a tent," il y fit dresser une tente. Such a construction as this:-"To order, to command, to cause a thing to be done; to have it done, or to get it done," is well rendered in French by the verb faire, followed by the infinitive.

* Charles, Duke of Bourbon, known as Connétable de Bourbon, Prince of the blood royal of France, having quarrelled with the Queen-Mother (Louise of Savoy) joined the Emperor Charles V., who was then waging war against France. He was killed at the