in Fife) to the church of the Holy Trinity of Dunfermline, and the monks serving God there. The signature takes the following form—viz.,

MAğRIS ÐÐ DE BERNHAM;

and the charter is dated at Dunfermline in the year 1234, and on the day of the Feast of the Purification of the Virgin. Another charter (No. 116) appears in the same chartulary, regarding the church of " Abercrumbi de Fif," but whether it is by Bishop William or Bishop David is not stated. The next deed, however (No. 117), is by David de Bernham himself, he having at this time become Bishop of St Andrews; and in this charter he grants to the abbot and convent of Dunfermline the church of Kirkcaldy, with all its pertinents, they, the said abbot and convent, being held bound to provide vicars for the said church, and hospitality to the bishop himself. This deed is dated at "Inchemurthoc VI. Id. Nouembr"—that is, the 8th November 1240 (Regist. de Dunf., p. 70), [Dal. Mon. Antiq., pp. 67, 68], (Hend. An., p. 76), and it is confirmed by a charter of the Prior and Canons of St Andrews, whose confirmation evidently was required (Regist. de Dunf., c. 118, p. 70). There is a document of the same kind, in the same

place, by which David de Bernham grants to the monks of Dunfermline the churches of Woolmet in Mid-Lothian, and Little Kinghorn in Fife ("Wymet [et] de parua Kingorn"), for charitable purposes; and this deed, which is duly sealed. and attested by witnesses, is dated at "Tinighā,” Tyningham in East Lothian, the 12th kalend of January-that is, the 21st December-1240. Keith, in a note in his 'Catalogue of Scottish Bishops' (p. 16) refers to a confirmation by Bishop David in the Chartulary of Paisley, dated in the year 1247, and the same writer (p. 396) has the following in connection with David de Bernham:

"SCOTLAND-WELL, situate on the north side of the water of Leven, in the shire of Kinross, called in Latin Fons Scotia, was an hospital, first founded by William Malvoisine, Bishop of St Andrews, who died about the year 1238; which was afterwards bestowed upon the Red Friars by David de Bernham, Bishop of St Andrews, his immediate successor. His charter is dated in Crastino Circumcisionis Domini, anno 1250.' The parish church of Moonzie, on the top of a hill to the south of Carny in Fife, in the Presbytery of Cupar, with the parish church of Carnock, in the Presbytery of Dunfermline, belonged to this place. This foundation and gift occasioned the

regular canons of St Andrews to complain to the Pope that the bishop had introduced the Red Friars into a parish belonging to them, 'eorundem prioris et capituli neglecto consensu'; whereupon we have a Bull of Pope Innocent IV., about the year 1250, for preventing such enterprises to the prejudices of the chapter of St Andrews. The ruins of the church and house are yet to be seen at the foot of the Bishop's Hill."

Walcott (Anc. Ch. of Scot., p. 351) says that David de Bernham founded the religious house of Scotland's Well on January 2, 1250, "on the site of a Culdee house," so that Bishop Malvoisin's foundation of a hospital seems to have come between the Culdee establishment and the house of the Red Friars. Walcott adds in the same place, that "it contained a famous spring, to which, amongst others, Robert Bruce resorted when afflicted by the terrible disease of leprosy in later life. The income was £102 in money, and the ministers held the churches of Carnock and Auchtermonsy [or Muchty]. The lands were given to David Arnot in 1591."

CHAPTER IV.

Election to the See of St Andrews.

EFORE David de Bernham's day the See of

BEFORE

St Andrews had been filled by a succession of great and accomplished men — Godric, who crowned King Edgar; Turgot, the confessor and biographer of Queen Margaret; Robert, founder of the Priory (1120); Arnold, founder of the Cathedral (1159); Roger, who built the Castle (1200); William de Malvoisin, and others. The last-named prelate died at the Palace of Inchmurtach (Inchmartin) on the 15th July 1237, and a few days afterwards his remains were interred in the New Church at St Andrews,1

1 William de Malvoisin, who was Bishop of St Andrews for thirty-five years, is said to have been a man of great wisdom and courage. He was either a Frenchman, or spent much of his youth in France. He christened and crowned Alexander II.; founded the hospital of Loch Leven, called Scotland Well; attended a General Council in Rome in 1215, &c. Fordun (lib. vi. cap. 42) narrates the following amusing incident in William's life : Abstulit a domo de Dunfermelyn, voluntarie ut dicitur, collationem vicariarum de Kinglassy et de Hales, quia quadam vice dum apud

66

David de Bernham, however, was not the person first thought of for the vacant See. In the Diocese of Dunkeld at that time there lived one Galfridus Liverance (al de Liberatione — viz., Captivorum), a monk of the order of Red Friars,1 who had only two years before been settled as bishop of this diocese. He was evidently an able, lovable, and popular man; for on the vacancy occurring in St Andrews, the whole of the people interested apparently fixed upon Galfrid as the proper man to succeed William de Malvoisin. Not only so, but he was actually

Dunfermelyn per noctaret, defecit sibi potus vini ad collationem in camera sua, et hoc non ex defectu ministrorum monachorum, sed suorum, qui deliberato sibi ad sufficientiam minus caute expendendo, ante tempus consumpserunt." That is to say, he deprived the monastery of certain rights to two churches—namely, Kinglassie in Fife, and Hales or Colinton in Mid-Lothian-because he supposed the servants of the Abbey had drunk the wine intended for his supper, which his own servants had taken. This was before Dunfermline was created a mitred abbacy, which was not till 1244. -See also about William de Malvoisin, in Pinkerton's Hist. of Scot., vol. i. pp. xiv to xix.

1 An order of monks, whose office was to redeem Christian captives from Turkish slavery. On 21st June 1209 they had six monasteries in Scotland at the Reformation thirteen. Their houses were called hospitals or ministries; their superiors "ministri" or ministers, a name which has always been given to the Presbyterian clergy of Scotland. The habit of the Red Friars was white, with a red and blue cross patee upon their scapular. They held a chapter yearly at Whitsunday. (See Keith's Spottiswoode, Rel. Ho., pp. 394-398; Walcott, An. Ch., pp. 348-351; Proc. of Soc. Antiq. of Scot., December 12, 1887.