λων, ὅσον οἱ μὲν δοῦλοι, άκοντες τοῖς δεσπόταις ὑπηρετοῦ σιν· ἡμᾶς δὲ, εἴπερ ἀξιοῦμεν ἐλεύθεροι εἶναι, ἑκόντας δεῖ ποιεῖν, ὅ τι πλείστου άξιον φαίνεται εἶναι.

"We ought to distinguish ourselves so far from slaves, as that slaves do service to their masters against their wills; and if we desire to be free, we ought willingly to perform what appears to be most excellent and worthy.” Ashley.

Chap. 14. Οὓς δ' αὖ κατεσκεύαζεν εἰς τὸ δουλεύειν, τούτους οὔτε μελετᾷν τῶν ἐλευθερίων πόνων οὐδένα παρώρμα, οὔτε ὅπλα κεκτῆσθαι ἐπέτρεπεν.

"But in the management of slaves," &c.

Chap. 41. Βουλοίμην δ' ἂν ὑμᾶς καὶ τοῦτο κατανοῆσαι, ὅτι τούτων, ὧν νῦν ὑμῖν παρακελεύομαι, οὐδὲν τοῖς δούλοις προσ

τάττω.

“And I desire likewise that you should observe, that of all these orders that I now give you, I give none to those that are of servile condition."

Chap. 47. Καὶ τοὺς μὲν φίλους ἐπεῖδον δι' ἐμοῦ εὐδαίμονας γενομένους, τοὺς δὲ πολεμίους ὑπ' ἐμοῦ δουλωθέντας. "By my means my friends have been made happy, and my enemies enslaved."

In Xenophon's Expedition of Cyrus, usually termed the Anabasis, book i. chap. 9, we find

Ὥστε φαίνεσθαι τοὺς μὲν ἀγαθοὺς, εὐδαιμονεστάτος, τοὺς δὲ κακοὺς δούλους τούτων ἀξιοῦν εἶναι.

"So that brave men were looked upon as most fortunate, and cowards as deserving to be their slaves." Spelman.

Ibid. Παρὰ μὲν Κύρου, δούλου ὄντος, οὐδεὶς ἀπῄει πρὸς βασιλέα.

"No one, not even a slave, ever deserted Cyrus to go to the king."

Book ii. chap. 3. Δοῦλοι δὲ πολλοὶ εἵποντο.

"They were attended by a great many slaves."

Chap. 5. Μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα τῶν βαρβάρων τινὲς ἱππέων, διὰ τοῦ πεδίου ἐλαύνοντες, ᾧτινι ἐντυγχάνοιεν Ἕλληνι ἢ δούλῳ ἢ ἐλευθέρῳ, πάντας έκτεινον.

“ After this, some of the barbarian horse, scouring the plains,

killed all the Greeks they met with, both freemen and slaves." Spelman.

Ibid. Ἑαυτοῦ γὰρ εἶναι φησίν, ἐπείπερ Κύρου ἦσαν τοῦ ἐκείνου δούλου.

"For, he says, they are his, having belonged to his slave Cyrus."

Book iii. chap. 1. Ἡμᾶς δὲ, οἷς κηδεμὼν μὲν οὐδεὶς πάρεστιν, ἐστρατεύσαμεν δ' ἐπ' αὐτὸν ὡς δοῦλον ἀντὶ βασιλέως ποιήσοντες καὶ ἀποκτενοῦντες, εἰ δυναίμεθα, τί ἂν οἰόμεθα παθεῖν;

“How then will he treat us, who have no support, and who have made war on him, with the design to reduce him from the condition of a king to that of a slave, and, if in our power, to put him to death?"

Book vii. chap. 4. Ὁ δ' εἶπεν· ̓Αλλ' ἔγωγε ἱκανὴν νομίζω νῦν δίκην ἔχειν, εἰ οὗτοι δοῦλοι ἔσονται ἀντ ̓ ἐλευθέρων. "And then he said, but I think myself sufficiently revenged, if these people, instead of freemen, are to be made slaves.”

Chap. 7. Σοῦ μὲν γὰρ κρατοῦντος, δουλεία ὑπάρχει αὐτοῖς· κρατουμένου δὲ σοῦ, ἐλευθερία.

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“ For if you conquer, they are slaves,—but if you are conquered, they are free."

LESSON VIII.

HERODOTUS of Halicarnassus.

WE often find the word δοῦλος, and its various derivatives, in the plain, the simple narrative of this author. His use of the term is as follows:

Book i. chap. 7. Παρὰ τούτων δὲ Ἡρακλεῖδαι ἐπιτραφέντες ἔσχον τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐκ θεοπροπίου, ἐκ δούλης τε τῆς Ἰαρδάνου γεγονότες καὶ Ἡρακλέος.

"The Heraclidæ are descended from Hercules and a female slave of Jardanus."

Chap. 27. Λαβεῖν ἀρώμενοι Λυδοὺς ἐν θαλάσσῃ, ἵνα ὑπερ

τῶν ἐν τῇ ἀπείρῳ οικημένων Ελλήνων τίσωνται σε, τοὺς σὺ δουλώσας ἔχεις;

"Can they wish for a better opportunity than to meet the Lydians on the Ocean, to revenge those of the Greeks reduced by you to slavery on the continent?"

Chap. 94. Λυδοὶ μὲν δὴ ὑπὸ Πέρσησι δεδούλωντο.

"Thus the Lydians were enslaved by the Persians."

Chap. 95. Καὶ ἀπωσάμενοι τὴν δουλοσύνην ἠλευθερώ θησαν.

"And rejecting slavery, they became free."

Chap. 114. Ὦ βασιλεῦ, ὑπὸ τοῦ σοῦ δούλου

“ O king ! by your slave.”

Chap. 126. Οὐδένα πόνον δουλοπρεπέα ἔχουσι. "Slavish employment," &c.

Chap. 129. Καὶ ἄλλα λέγων ἐς αὐτὸν θυμαλγέα ἔπεα, καὶ δὴ καὶ εἴρετό μιν πρὸς τὸ ἑωυτοῦ δεῖπνον, τό μιν ἐκεῖνος σαρξὶ τοῦ παιδὸς ἐποίνισε, ὅ τι εἴη ἡ ἐκείνου δουλοσύνη ἀντὶ τῆς βασιληίης.

"Among other things, he asked him what was his opinion of that supper, in which he had compelled a father to feed on the flesh of his child; a supper which had reduced him from a monarch to a slave." Beloe.

Ibid. Αδικώτατον δὲ, ὅτι τοῦ δείπνου εἵνεκεν Μήδους κατεδούλωσε.

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“ (He said that he was) most wicked, on the account of the supper, to enslave the Medes."

Ibid. Νῦν δὲ Μήδους μὲν ἀναιτίους τούτου ἐόντας δου λους ἀντὶ δεσποτέων γεγονέναι, Πέρσας δὲ δούλους ἐόντας τὸ πρὶν Μήδων νὶν γεγονέναι δεσπότας.

"The Medes, who were certainly not accessary to the provocation given, had exchanged situations with their slaves. The Persians, who were formerly the slaves, were now the masters."

Chap. 170. Καὶ οὕτω ἀπαλλαχθέντας σφέας δουλοσύνης εὐδαιμονήσειν.

"And thus, freed from slavery, deem themselves happy." Chap. 173. Καὶ ἦν μέν γε γυνὴ ἀστὴ δούλῳ συνοικήσῃ, γενναία τα τέκνα νενόμισται.

“If any free woman marries a slave, the children of such marriage are reputed free." Beloe.

Chap. 174. Οἱ μὲν νῦν Κάρες οὐδὲν λαμπρὸν ἔργον ἀποδεξά μενοι ἐδουλώθησαν.

“The Carians made little or no exertion, and were easily enslaved."

Chap. 210. Ὃς ἀντὶ μὲν δούλων ἐποίησας ἐλευθέρους Πέρ σας εἶναι.

“You have raised the Persians from slavery to freedom.” Beloe. Book ii. chap. 1. Ὡς δούλους πατρωΐους ἐόντας ἐνόμιζε. "He considered them as slaves by right of inheritance."

Chap. 56. Ἔπειτα δουλεύουσα αὐτόθι ἱδρύσασθαι ὑπὸ φηγῷ πεφυκυίῃ Διὸς ἱρὸν.

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“ Although in a state of slavery, she there constructed, under s green spreading beech, a natural little temple to her god."

Book iii. chap. 125. Ὅσοι δὲ ἦσαν ξεῖνοί τε καὶ δοῦλοι τῶν ἑπομένων, ἐν ἀνδραπόδων λόγῳ ποιεύμενος εἶχε.

"All the strangers, and their slaves accompanying them, were detained in bondage." See 1 Tim. i. 10.

Chap. 138. Καί σφεας δουλεύοντας ἐνθαῦτα Γίλλος. "And they being enslaved, Gillus immediately ransomed them," &c.

Chap. 140. Ἐμοὶ μήτε χρυσὸν, ὦ βασιλεῦ, μήτε άργυρον δίδου, ἀλλ' ἀνασωσάμενός μοι δὸς τὴν πατρίδα Σάμον, τὴν νῦν ἀδελφεοῦ τοῦ ἐμοῦ Πολυκράτεος ἀποθανόντος ὑπὸ Οροίτεω ἔχει δοῦλος ἡμέτερος, ταύτην μοι δὸς ἄνευ τε φόνου καὶ ἐξαν δραποδίσιος.

“I would have neither gold nor silver; give me Samos, my country, and deliver it from servitude. Since the death of Polycrates, my brother, whom Orotes slew, it hath been in the hands of one of our slaves. Give me this, without any effusion of blood, or reducing my countrymen to servitude." (Beloe.) See 1 Tim.

i. 10.

Chap. 153. Απείπας τοῖσι δούλοισι μηδενὶ φράζειν τὸ γεγονὸς ἐβουλεύετο.

"He counselled with himself about that which was foretold, that Babylon should not be reduced to slavery until this prodigy should be brought forth."

Book iv. chap. 1. Αἱ γὰρ τῶν Σκυθέων γυναῖκες, ὥς σφι οἱ άνδρες ἀπᾶσαν χρόνον πολλὸν, ἐφοίτεον παρὰ τοὺς δούλους. “For the women, deprived so long of their husbands, had associated with their slaves." Beloe.

Chap. 2. Τοὺς δὲ δούλους οἱ Σκύθαι πάντας τυφλοῦσι τοῦ γάλακτος εἵνεκεν τοῦ πίνουσι ποιεῦντες ὧδε.

"It is a custom with the Scythians, to deprive all the slaves of sight, on the account of the milk, which is their customary drink.” Beloe.

Chap. 3. Ἐκ τούτων δὴ ὦν σφι τῶν δούλων καὶ τῶν γυναικῶν ἐπετράφη νεότης.

"From the union of these slaves with the Scythian women, a numerous progeny was born." Beloe.

Ibid. Δούλοισι τοῖσι ἡμετέροισι μαχόμενοι αὐτοί τε ἐλάσσονες κτεινόμενοι γινόμεθα.

"In this contest with our slaves, every action diminishes our number." Beloe.

Ibid. Μαθόντες ὡς εἰσι ἡμέτεροι δοῦλοι.

"They will be impressed with a sense of their servile condition." Beloe.

Book v. chap. 35. Ὁ δὲ τῶν δούλων τὸν πιστότατον ἀποξυρήσας τὴν κεφαλὴν ἔστιξε καὶ ἀνέμεινε ἀναφῦναι τὰς τρίχας.

"He therefore took one of the most faithful of his slaves, and inscribed what we have mentioned on his skull, being first shaved." Beloe.

Chap. 49. Ιώνων παῖδας δούλους εἶναι ἀντ ̓ ἐλευθέρων ὄνειδος καὶ ἄλγος μέγιστον μὲν αὐτοῖσι ἡμῖν, ἔτι δὲ τῶν λοιπῶν ὑμῖν, ὅσῳ προέστατε τῆς Ἑλλάδος. νῦν ὧν πρὸς θεῶν τῶν Ἑλληνίων ῥύσασθε Ιωνας ἐκ δουλοσύνης, άνδρας ὁμαίμο

νας.

"The Ionians, who ought to be free, are in a state of servitude; which is not only disgraceful, but also a source of the extremest sorrow to us, as it must be to you, who are so pre-eminent in Greece. I entreat you therefore, by the gods of Greece, to relieve the Ionians from slavery, who are connected with you by the ties of consanguinity.” Beloe.

Book vi. chap. 83. "Αργος δὲ ἀνδρῶν ἐχηρώθη οὕτω ὥστε οἱ δοῦλοι αὐτῶν ἔσχον πάντα τὰ πρήγματα αρχοντές τε καὶ