the growth of yeast. The line N in the diagram is, in fact, plotted from the results of the fifth series of experiments. The figures from which the curve is drawn are as follows:

The diagram at the right in the figure expresses the same result as a race, a competitive effort, in which the cultures containing no alcohol are seen to win, the others falling below proportionately to their alcohol content. Fig. 2 is a similar expression for the third series of experiments. The method of uniformly seeding the cultures had not been perfected; still the same general effect is apparent. And this is the unquestionable result in all the experiments, fifteen in number.

The form of the curves derived from all these experiments is that ordinarily obtained for the physiological fatigue of a tissue, muscle, nerve, or gland. This is what we should expect, since an important factor in causation of fatigue is accumulation of waste products, and alcohol is a waste product in the activity. of the yeast plant. Alcohol is probably, also, a partial decomposition product in the metabolism of a number of animal tissues, such as brain, muscle, and liver, but with some or all of these it is further oxidized to carbon dioxide and water.1 While of considerable physiological interest, the fact that alcohol in such minute traces interferes with the growth processes of so simple an organism as yeast, this result cannot be directly applied to organisms capable of oxidizing alcohol.

Kittens, as comparable as it was possible to find them, were secured, alcohol was given to one pair, keeping a number of others as controls. It was intended to breed from them, if pos sible, and follow a similar line of experiments as those to be subsequently described for the dogs. The doses of chemically pure alcohol, diluted with water to twenty, and later to thirty

1 Schäfer, Text-book of Physiology, vol. i. 1-882, Edinburgh and London, 1898. Also Hoppe-Syler, Handbuch der chemischen Analyse, Berlin, 1893,

per cent., began with 1.3 grammes, and were increased to 3.6 per kilogramme of body weight. Since kittens refuse to drink milk with even the odor of alcohol about it, the doses had to be given with a stomach pump, and the same amount of water was given the normals. Ten days of this regimen, however, was followed by so complete a collapse that alcohol was discontinued, until approximately normal health should be restored. This did not prove possible, the male lingering along, with very little gain in weight, for about four months, and the female partially recovered, but was killed by a dog. The disease that developed, first in the alcoholic kittens, seemed to be an acute catarrh of respiratory and alimentary systems with conjunctivitis. Some weeks later all the normal kittens were affected in the same way, and either died or were killed in the last stages of the disease. Practically all the cats in the neighborhood were affected in the same way, and the experiment was abandoned.

Fig. 3 gives at a glance the relative growth of the kittens during the course of the experiment. It will be noted that those having been given the alcohol are much stunted as compared with all the others, but whether this is caused by the alcohol or the disease it is impossible to say.

In beginning the experiment, it was remarkable how quickly and completely all the higher psychic characteristics of both the

kittens dropped out. Playfulness, purring, cleanliness and care of coat, interest in mice, fear of dogs, while normally developed before the experiment began, all disappeared so suddenly that it could hardly be explained otherwise than as a direct influence of the

alcohol upon the higher centres of the brain. Fig. 4 presents the characteristic appearance of the alcoholic kittens. They simply ate and slept, and could scarcely have been less active

had the greater part of their cerebral hemispheres been removed by the knife. None of the other normal kittens showed anything like so sudden and complete a collapse.

In a series of experiments upon dogs which, it was intended, should be continued during the length of their natural lives, neither pains nor expense was spared to obtain animals as comparable as possible and of good stock. The four cocker spaniels presented in Fig. 5 were finally selected, and for all purposes of the experiment they have been in breed and strain all that could be desired. Although belonging to two not closely related kennels, the four happened to have been born on the same day, February 22, 1895.

April 29 they weighed as follows:

Topsy and Tipsy are sisters, Nig and Bum, brothers from their respective litters.1

After preliminary study, in order to discover minor differences in disposition, health, or character of the dogs, it was decided to give the alcohol to the more vigorous pair, Tipsy and Bum. Accordingly its administration, in the form of tested, chemically pure alcohol, thoroughly mixed with their chief meal, was begun on May 24 following.2

The dogs were weighed, at first daily, later once a week, and their growth may be read from Fig. 6, together with that of a subsequent group to be described later. No "stunting" effect of alcohol as administered is to be found in this growth chart. Probably four puppies could not be found to grow more uniformly under ordinary treatment. Measurements also showed that the bony frame in each of the dogs was about the same

1 The only apology I have to offer for the names is that in long-continued experiments of this kind names must be chosen for daily use, and need to be, with dogs, phonetically distinct, to avoid confusion. I thought it also desirable for long series of notes and descriptions that the name suggest the treatment to which the animal was subjected.

2 Alcohol, ordered for the purpose from Kahlbaum, was used throughout the experiments, and each lot was especially tested. The plan of the experiments, with the sub-committee's approval, was to give as large doses as possible short of producing noticeable intoxication. This dose was found for the dogs to be four cubic centimetres per kilogramme of body weight. For further details, refer to Appleton's Popular Science Monthly, April, 1897.