nique. When news of this feature reached Montreal, where a veritable palace of ice is built each year, inquiry was immediately made as to method, as the attempts to obtain color effects by means of colored lights had always proved deficient. This year the ice palace was greatly improved, for the municipal authorities applied house paint at the advice of Mr. English. "Real" stained glass windows are made by building up outlines of putty on window glass, running in colored water, and allowing it to freeze.

In the many athletic contests held under the supervision of Mr. English and his assistants, health and character training are the objectives substituted for the old one of "winning the game" when to win at all cost, if need be by unfair methods, was the usual procedure. When breaking the Eighteenth Amendment and speed regulations is an everyday occurrence and an accepted subject for trivial amusement, Mr. English feels that to train the youth of Chicago to appreciate

the necessity of law observance, reliability and fair play is more important than winning the one hundred yard dash in 12:1 instead of 12:2. While making perfection of physical co-ordination a goal by inaugurating efficiency tests when children compete against their old scores, Mr. English has also made honesty, loyalty, obedience, and self-control goals by means of his new merit system of scoring so that no longer is it necessary for instructors to travel with their teams because they could not trust the decision of other officials, and so that no longer do weaker teams "back out" from their contracted schedules. For "under this 'Merit System' it is possible for the winning team to gain one hundred points, and the losing team to gain seventy points. The points are divided as follows: Sixty points for sportsmanship, ten points for reliability, and thirty points for winning.

Since the establishment of this system of grading, there have been less protests, less forfeited games, a higher

standard of sportsmanship, and a better spirit displayed between contestants on our playgrounds."

To aid instructors in matters of discipline and organization the Junior Playground Police Force was established. Accordingly the school playgrounds were divided into eight districts, the higher officials of which were chosen from the R. O. T. C. of the high schools. "A public presentation was held before Morgan A. Collins, Chief Superintendent of Police, at which time each of the four hundred ninety-three patrolmen and officers took the following oath:

"We, as Playground Junior Police,

Will never bring disgrace to this, our playground, by any act of dishonesty or cowardice, nor ever show disrespect to our fellow police and officers; we will assist in every way possible those in authority at the playground; we will fight for the ideals and social things of the city, both alone and with many; we will revere and obey the city's laws, and do our best to incite a like respect and reverence in those above us who are prone to

annul and set them at naught; we will strive unceasingly to quicken the Junior Citizens' sense of civic duty; to protect the property and rights of others; to defend the weak; to insist on Fair play, that, thus, in all these ways, we may ourselves become useful citizens of tomorrow, and, by example, influence others to do likewise."2

In spite of the personnel turnover due to the unfavorable hours and the alleged inadequacy of compensation as compared to that of allied departments, in spite of the wanton destruction of facilities due to their accessibility after closing hours, the work of the Bureau of Recreation is most vital and comprehensive in its scope. Favorite activities as well as suggestions for new activities are "scouted out" by means of the 16,000 ballots taken in the fall which have been tabulated. Seasonal programs are mapped out to include such varied activities as harmonica contests,

1Annual Report of Bureau of Recreation for the Year Ending Dec. 31, 1924. P. 18.

2Bureau of Recreation, Year's Program of Activities for the Year Ending Dec. 31, 1924. P. 6.

whittling contests, clean-up campaigns, pushmobile races, pet shows, diabolo, kite-flying, and barber-shop quartettes. Characteristic of the methods of the Bureau of Recreation, the latter were organized by coaxing in the somewhat troublesome bands of young men who are wont to serenade unappreciative auditors, and turning them to constructive socialized account.

But probably one of the most interesting features of the work of the Bureau of Recreation is the many contacts and co-operations which it makes with other agencies, thereby adding variety, zest, and comprehensiveness of interests and outlook to its field. Almost every every week, and sometimes several times a week, the Bureau staff of supervisors plans exhibits at the down

town department stores, or at the Municipal Pier or the Furniture Mart, or judges contests at the lake front or stadium or Stagg Field. At the rodeo contest at the pier cowboys from the Stock Yards judge the game; Mr. Comiskey of the White Sox and Mr. Veeck of the Cubs have furnished thousands of tickets to playground instructors for distribution among boys and girls whose conduct has been particularly meritorious in connection with the operation

of the grounds; music critics of the daily papers, instructors from the Art Institute, radio editors of the city press act as judges; and many activities are conducted through the co-operation of the Chicago high schools, trade associations, clubs, public officials, and motion picture corporations.

Why are the schools costing more than formerly?

No doubt several people are asking members of the legislature this question. The answer in brief is that the schools are doing more per pupil for an increased number of pupils, and the increased service must be paid for with depreciated dollars.

Let the Research Department of the Illinois State Teachers Association amplify this answer with some figures gleaned from state reports:

In the period from 1913 to 1923, the number of pupils enrolled in the public schools of Illinois increased 28.6 per cent; the eighth grade promotions increased nearly 71 per cent; the enrollment in high schools increased 181 per cent; the number of high school graduates increased 110 per cent; and the total number of days attendance increased 42.3 per cent. There was also a considerable increase in the average length of term.

Not only are more pupils enrolled for longer terms, but more is now done for them. For instance, the amount of school funds expended for health promotion rose in the ten years from 13,863 to 166,831, which was an increase of 1,103 per cent. In 1918 there were only 243 pupils being given standard instruction in vocational agriculture; but in 1923 there were 3,257 pupils receiving such instruction, which was an increase in six years of 1,240 per cent. The cost of night schools increased 177 per cent in the ten years. The number of four year high schools increased 42 per cent, and the number of accredited high schools increased 62.8 per cent.

More and better teachers are now demanded; for the number of teachers with superior training increased 121 per cent in the ten years, and the number of special teachers increased 194 per cent. The attendance at the State Normal Schools doubled and at the University of Illinois

increased 141 per cent in the same time.

The war checked some much needed school building programs for five or six years; and the building shortage together with the largely increased attendance, has caused extensive building projects in the last four years, which has been a period of very high building costs.

Remember also that all these increases in educational facilities are being paid for with dollars that have a purchasing power of only about 60 cents as compared with the 100 cents of 1913.

When these facts are known, it is easy to understand why the schools are costing more.-Educational Press Bulletin.

Simon Guggenheim, former United States Senator from Colorado, and his wife, have announced a preliminary gift of $3,000,000 for the endowment of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowships for advanced study abroad.

The purposes of the foundation are: To improve the quality of education and the practice of the arts and professions in the United States, to foster research, and to provide for the cause of better international understanding.

The foundation is a memorial to the son of Senator and Mrs. Guggenheim, who died on April 26, 1922. It offers to young men and women worldwide opportunities under the freest possible conditions to carry on advanced study and research in any field of knowledge, or opportunities for the development of unusual talent in any of the fine arts, including music.

No age limits are prescribed. Appointees, however, must be old enough to have shown marked ability in their particular subject. It is expected that ordinarily they will not be younger than 25 or older than 35 years.

The fellowships are therefore intended

for students somewhat older than those to whom the Rhodes scholarships are open, including young professors on sabbatical leave, holders of fellowships from individual colleges and those who have won distinction in graduate study. Only those candidates will be appointed who have embarked upon some important piece of work and who show exceptional aptitude for research, or who demonstrate ability in some one of the fine arts.

These fellowships differ from the Rhodes scholarships, furthermore, in being open to women as well as men and being available for study in any country in the world.

The amount of money available for each fellowship will be approximately $2,500 a year, but may be more or less, depending on individual needs.

While appointments will be made ordinarily for 1 year, plans which involve 2 or 3 years' study will also be considered and in special cases fellowships will be granted for shorter terms with appropriate stipends.

The first national awards will be made for the academic year 1926-1927. It is the purpose of the foundation after the first year to maintain annually from forty to fifty fellows abroad. The fellowships will be open to men and women, married or unmarried, of every race, color and creed.

The principal obligation imposed on the holders of fellowships is that they shall produce contributions to knowledge in their special subjects and, secondly, that they shall make the results of their studies publicly available. Where necessary and deemed wise, the foundation will give financial assistance towards publication. The plan underlying the foundation embodies the results of the best educational thought in the country. The ultimate control of the foundation will be vested in a board of trustees composed of the founders and others experienced in executive direction of large affairs. In matters of educational policy the trustees.

will have the benefit of the advice of an educational advisory board which will consist of men and women in active educational work including eminent representatives of the various fields of knowledge and of art, connected with the different types of educational institutions throughout the United States.

The executive office of the foundation will be maintained at 2300 Pershing Square Building, New York City, with Henry Allen Moe, secretary, in charge.

A fund known as the Julius and Rosa Sachs Endowment Fund, and representing a gift of $20,000 made to Professor and Mrs. Sachs on the occasion of their golden wedding anniversary in 1924, has been established at Teachers College, Columbia University, for the purpose of promoting by a series of prizes, the progress of secondary education in the United States.

The fund offers a prize of $1,000 payable in June, 1926, for the best essay or treatise, approved by the committee, upon the topic: The Promotion of Scholarship in the Teachers of the Secondary Schools of the United States.

The competition is open to all persons. All manuscripts must be in the hands of the dean of Teachers College before February 1, 1926. Detailed instructions may be obtained from the dean of the college, 525 West 120th Street, New York City.-The University of the State of New York, Bulletin to the Schools.

Seven hundred publications of the Interior Department, Bureau of Education, are now available for distribution. A few of them may be obtained without cost by addressing the Commissioner of Education, Washington, D. C., but in general they must be purchased at nominal prices from the Superintendent of Documents, an officer of the Government Printing Office. A new "List of Available Publications,” which has just been issued and may be had for the asking, shows the