Commissioner to that of Paris, 1878; author of nearly fifty public-school reports, many addresses on school topics, &c.; editor, for many years, of the "Massachusetts Teacher," of the "American Union Speaker," 1865, &c.

To him, jointly with Mr. Charles C. Perkins, of Boston, is due the establishment of the Boston Normal Art School, and the introduction of industrial drawing as a required subject of instruction in the public schools of the larger towns in Massachu setts. He selected for the place of art director Professor Walter Smith, a graduate of the Kensington (England) Art School, and supplemented with energy and wisdom the work of that able but misunderstood man.

As a person of marked character, Dr. Philbrick naturally encountered some opposition to his measures; but even his most strenuous opponents bore testimony to the energy, honesty, and candor of his conduct in every situation and relation of his long career. He died at Danvers, Mass., February 2, 1826.

John Langdon Sibley, librarian of Harvard College for 21 years, after long service as assistant librarian. Died at his home at Cambridge, Mass., December 9, 1885, aged 81 years.

Edwin David Sanborn, LL.D. Born May 14, 1808, educated at Gilmanton Academy, N. H., and at Dartmouth College, graduating in 1832; was professor in Dartmouth, 1835 to 1859, and again in 1863 to 1882; also in Washington University, Mo., 1859 to 1863. Died in New York City, December 29, 1885.

Benjamin Silliman, M. D., professor of chemistry in Yale College, 1837 to 1853, and in its scientific school from 1847 to 1870, with an interval of five years at the University of Kentucky, Louisville. Died at New Haven, Conn., January 14, 1885, aged 60.

Charles Upham Shepard, A. M., M. D., LL. D. Born at Little Compton, R. I., June 29, 1804; was educated in Providence, and graduated at Amherst College in 1824; lectured at Yale College on natural history, 1830 to 1847; was professor of chemistry in the Charleston, S. C., Medical College, 1834 to 1861, and of chemistry and natural history in Amherst College, 1852 to 1877; wrote a "Treatise on Mineralogy," 1832; "Report on the Geology of Connecticut," 1837, and of many valuable articles in Américan journals of high class. Died at Charleston, S. C., May 1, 1886.

Henry Stevens, eminent bibliographer. Died February 28, 1885, aged 57.

T. A. Thacher, LL. D., for 40 years professor of Latin in Yale. Died April 7, 1886, aged 71.

John Baptist Torricelli, A. M., J. U. D., D. D., instructor in modern romance languages in Chauncey Hall School, Boston, Mass., for 25 years. Died at Boston, Mass., December 20, 1885, aged 68.

FOREIGN.

Samuel Birch, author and Egyptologist, for 50 years in service of British Museum, Born November 3, 1813, died December 27, 1885.

Jean Claude Bouquet, professor of mathematics at the Royal College of Marseilles, 1841 to 1845; also at Lyons and at the Sorbonne. Died September 12, 1885.

Rev. George Currey, D. D., master of the Charter House School, London, England. Died in 1885, aged 69.

Prof. George Curtius, philologist of the University of Berlin. Died September, 1885, aged 64.

Heinrich Fischer, professor of mineralogy at the University of Freiburg, Germany. Died February, 1885.

Prof. Von Lasaulx, of the University of Bonn. Died January 25, 1885.

C. J. E. Morren, professor of botany at the University of Liege, Belgium. Died February 28, 1885.

John Morris, from 1855 to 1877 professor of geology in University College, London; Scientist. Died January 7, 1885.

William Robinson Pirie, D. D., Crown principal of the University of Aberdeen. Leopold von Ranke, German historian; born 1795. Died in Berlin May 23, 1886. Edward Oscar Schmidt, professor of zoology in the University of Strasburg, Germany. Died January 17, 1885.

Prof. Carl Siebold, philologist. Died in Germany in the year 1885, aged 88.

Rev. John Campbell Shairp, principal of St. Andrew's University, Scotland. Died in 1885, aged 69.

Richard Chenevix Trench, Dean of Westminster, Archbishop of Dublin, &c., whose "Study of Words" and "English Past and Present" formed almost a new revelation of the English tongue.

John Tulloch, LL. D., principal St. Mary's College, University of St. Andrews, Scotland. Died February 13, aged 63.

ED 86-46

APPENDIX X.

EDUCATION IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES.

EDUCATION IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES.

FOREIGN EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS.

Wherever popular education has been accepted as a public trust permanent records of its condition and progress are maintained and official reports of the same published at regular or irregular intervals. By its system of exchange this office comes into possession of these reports, and a brief suminary of their contents has been a feature of its own annual report. As the chief particulars relating to elementary education may be grouped under the same heads for all countries, the effort is here made to reduce foreign information on this subject to tabular form as affording the most convenient and most impressive mode of representation. The educational statistics employed have been taken from the latest official reports received at this office, excepting when otherwise stated. On account of differences in the legal school age the ratio of school attendance to total population affords the only available basis for comparing the school attendance of different countries. Where the latest census antedates by several years the year of the school report, estimates of the whole population for a nearer date have been employed when attainable. The fact is indicated by a foot-note. Such estimates have been taken from the educational reports or from the Statesman's Year Book for 1887.

Comparatively few countries report the statistics of school population. In England and Scotland it is customary to include only six-sevenths of the population in estimating the number of children for whom provision should be made in State aided elementary schools. As the omission of one-seventh of the population in these estimates is misleading when the statistics are tabulated with those of other countries, the numbers showing the entire child population of the specified ages, as given in the official reports from those countries, are used in this table. Care has been taken to confine the table to the statistics of elementary schools, i. e., schools below the highschool grade, which are substantially the same for all countries. In a few instances the distinction is not clearly preserved in the original reports, and the totals of enrolment and teachers possibly include high schools. It is certain, however, that in these cases, which are few, the totals are not greatly affected thereby. A glance at the columns setting forth the number of schools and the school enrolment will show that the word school, or its foreign equivalent, has various applications. It sometimes signifies the scholars in charge of one teacher and sometimes a collection of such bodies, forming a series of grades in one building,

The statistics of school population and enrolment in Hungary include the youth 6 to 15 years of age, which are accordingly given as the limits of the school age. In fact attendance upon elementary schools in Hungary is obligatory from 6 to 12 years of age, inclusive, and upon the "review" or "continuation" schools from 12 to 15. The latter may be day, evening, or Sabbath schools. In them the branches pursued in the ordinary elementary schools are reviewed and somewhat extended.

The column of expenditure is the least satisfactory in the table, as it is known to involve different items for different countries. The only basis on which the cost of elementary education in different countries may be fairly compared appears to be that of teachers' salaries, the item common to all, viz, teachers' salaries. Unfortunately, as a rule, this is not separately reported. The totals, as given in the table, include, in addition to teachers' salaries, cost of supervision, incidentals, office expenses, &c. In no case, however, have the expenses for buildings or other permanent improvements been included. The best comparative view of expenditures would be afforded by distinct statements of teachers' salaries, cost of supervision, and incidentals. The hope is entertained that before the next report is issued the time and the information at the disposal of the office may suffice for the presentation of expenditure under these three heads.

In the following countries, represented in the table, the elementary schools are free schools: France, Italy, Switzerland, Algeria, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Bruns wick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Argentine Republic, Chili, Ecuador, Victoria, Queensland, and New Zealand. In these the cost of elementary education is defrayed by State and local funds. In the remaining countries a portion of the cost is met by tuition fees.