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Statistics of instruction in sociology, including charities and correction—Continued.

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[Inclosed in circular letter to all colleges.]

SOCIOLOGY.

SCHEDULE No. 1.

.State and town or city.
Institution.

Name of officer making report.

Please answer at least Columns I and II, underscoring the subjects taught. In filling out Column IV denote the preparatory department by "p," post-graduate by "g," freshman year by "1," sophomore year by "2," etc.

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14. What is your definition of sociology as used in question 13?

15. How is it related to political economy, moral philosophy, etc.?

16. When was it first taught in your institution? What changes since, in professors, books, etc.?

17. If you do not have it now, is its introduction proposed or decided upon?

18. What institution gave the first course in sociology to your knowledge?

19. Can you give the address of any educator favoring its introduction into the public schools?

20. Would you advise or require sociology as a part of a general education, defining it broadly as the study of society taken as a whole? Why?

21. If so, how much time should be given to it?

22. What other studies could be best cut down to make room for it? 23. Would you put it before or after political economy, ethics, etc.? TO DANIEL FULCOMER, University of Chicago.

[Second circular letter.]

Year?

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, April 16, 1894. DEAR SIR: Your institution was reported in 1886 to be giving instruction in the subjects named below. As I am to read a paper on College and University Instruction in Charities and Correction at the May meeting of the National Conference of Charities and Correction, I should like to report just what you are doing now. Will you kindly indicate this in, the following schedule? If you can also answer the appended questions, your contribution will be especially gratifying.

Underscore the subjects tanght.

1. Punishment and reform of criminals..

2. Prevention of vice (intemperance, prostitution, vagrancy, etc.)..

3. Public and private charities (care of the poor, insane, blind, idiotic, deaf-mute, foundlings, orphans, etc.)..

In what
year?

Number of months.
Required. Elective.

Number of students.

4. What place should these subjects have in education? Why?

5. How are they related to sociology, ethics, economics, etc.?

6. Should they be taught before or after the latter?

7. Should they be taught separately from sociology?

8. When were they first taught in your institution? What changes since, in professors, books, etc.?

Very respectfully, yours,

DANIEL FULCOMER.

CHAPTER XXVIII.

PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION.1

COMPARISON OF PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS.

Theological schools lack but 1 of numbering 150, while medical schools number 1 more than 150. Law schools are about half as many, 72, and dental schools about one-third, 45.

There are more than twice as many students of medicine as of either law or theology-medical students, 22,887; law, 8,950; theological, 8,050. These figures show an increase in the number of medical students of 1,085, of law students 1,639, of theological 392.

According to the statistics, the number of law students has nearly doubled in the last five years. It is probable this increase is attributable to the fact that when young men now begin the study of law they are no longer content with the desultory instruction of private offices, where so frequently they can obtain only a superficial knowledge of law, but they now seek the doors of a regular law school, where instruction is given systematically to a group of young men who receive fresh inspiration from the pursuit of a common purpose; where there is an esprit de corps giving constant stimulus to delve into the labyrinths of jurisprudence. There was an increase of about 1,200 in the number of dental students-from 4,152 to 5,347.

There were 1,413 women engaged in the study of medicine, a variation of only 6 from the number of the previous year, and 65 studying law.

Although there was an increase of about 1,100 in the number of medical students, there was a decrease of 206 in medical graduates. This decrease in the percentage of graduates is due to the lengthened course, and will probably become still more noticeable in the future when several other schools shall have lengthened their courses, a step they have already determined upon.

The whole amount of endowment funds of theological schools was $16,083,683. While theological schools probably have relatively larger endowments than any other class of institutions whatever, unless the colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts should be excepted, medical and law schools have practically no endowments. The funds of all the medical schools combined, so far as reported, do not equal that of Chicago Theological Seminary alone, or of Princeton Seminary, or of Union Theological Seminary, New York. The same is probably true of the law schools.

It is true that both medical and law schools sometimes receive benefits from the funds of the universities to which they may be attached, but these are to some extent incidental benefits, the donors of the funds bestowing them on the universities with perhaps little thought of helping the professional schools, and the university officers dispensing them a share with a grudging hand.

Probably one reason why medical and law schools receive so few benefactions is the already crowded condition of these two professions. One thinks, why should aid be given to these institutions, when there is already a superabundance of lawyers and doctors who must contend against sharp competition and who find the struggle to maintain themselves in their vocations becoming harder each year, and when the number of students is still constantly increasing. If there are so many now, the bestowment of benefactions would only increase the number. But when medical schools shall have elevated their entrance requirements, and law schools shall have adopted courses equaling those of medicine, the number of candidates will probably be smaller, or at least the number completing the courses will probably be smaller. In respect to libraries the contrast is nearly as great. The whole number of volumes in theological libraries was 1,089,897; in medical libraries, 87,259; in law libraries, 188,645. Of the 151 medical schools, only 21 can really be said to possess libraries at all, and only 6 of these have over 5,000 volumes. The medical department of the University of Pennsylvania is the only one having 10,000 volumes;

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Hahnemann Medical College, of Philadelphia, has 8,000; the University of Michigan medical school, 6,000, and Johns Hopkins University medical school, Nashville Medical College, and the University of Buffalo medical school have each about 5,000 volumes. It should be remembered, however, that medical libraries are not so important, for, on account of the constant variation in medical treatment, it is more important that physicians have access to current medical periodicals rather than to antiquated volumes of a library.

Union Theological Seminary, New York, has the largest library of any seminary, viz, 65,716; Hartford Theological Seminary, Connecticut, comes second with 63,000, and Princeton Seminary third with 57,203. Fifteen other seminaries have libraries of over 20,000 volumes each. Eighteen other seminaries have between 5,000 and 20,000 volumes.

Volumes in theological libraries.

Union Theological Seminary, New York...
Hartford Theological Seminary, Connecticut.
Princeton Theological Seminary, New Jersey.

65, 716 63,000

57, 203

Seminary of the Reformed Dutch Church in America, New Jersey.

42, 750

Divinity School of the University of Chicago.
Drew Theological Seminary, New Jersey.
Rochester Theological Seminary.

40, 000

32, 138

28,034

27,000

Meadville Theological Seminary.

27,000

26, 013

25, 900

25, 400

Western Theological Seminary, Allegheny.

25,000

23,000

Theological Seminary of St. Sulpice and St. Mary's University, Baltimore..

Divinity School of Harvard University.

General Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church, New
York

Concordia Theological Seminary, Missouri.

Theological Seminary of St. Charles Borromeo, Pennsylvania.

Auburn Theological Seminary.

Newton Theological Institution..

Southern Baptist Theological Seminary.

Presbyterian Theological Seminary, South Carolina.

22, 352

20, 600 20,000

20, 000

Law schools also, with a few notable exceptions, show a great deficiency in regard to libraries. Of the 72 law schools about one-third have libraries. Harvard University law school heads the list with 33,000 volumes, and is spending about $6,000 annually in enlarging and improving its library. Columbia College law school comes second with 25,000 volumes. The law school of Cornell University has a larger number of volumes than most other schools, viz, 23,400. "The famous library of the late Nathaniel C. Moak, of Albany, N. Y., which was reputed the finest private law library in the United States, was purchased and presented to the Cornell law school by the widow of the Hon. Douglass Boardman, the former dean of that school."

But if medical colleges have no endowments and no libraries, yet when we consider the number of professors and instructors the tables are turned completely; medical colleges rank far ahead of theological schools in this particular. If an institution has no productive funds, only rented buildings, and but few students, it can fill up the catalogue with names of professors of all kinds of subjects. This is easily done with little or no cost in medicine, where there are so many young men seeking a practice and who see in a professorship a stimulus to medical study, and who hope that in trying to instruct others they themselves may acquire some knowledge (docendo discimus), and that a college professorship will give them some of that practice they stand in such need of. On the other side there are great hopes, strengthened by occasional hints, that each professor will endeavor to secure the attendance of at least two or three students. But this expectation is sometimes disappointed, for in some cases there are more professors than medical students.

Chicago Theological Seminary, with an endowment of over $1,250,000, has only 15 professors; the same number reported by a medical school with an even dozen of students. Seventeen medical schools, with less than three dozen students each, have as many professors as Princeton or Union Theological Seminary, with endowments of over $1,000,000.

MEDICAL EDUCATION.

Of the whole number of 22,887 medical students, over one-third are to be found in the three cities, Chicago, New York, and Philadelphia. St. Louis and Baltimore also have large numbers. Chicago has a larger number of medical students than any other city in the United States, viz, 2,856, post-graduate students being included. New York comes second, with 2,726, followed by Philadelphia with 2,339; and St. Lonis with 1,399, and Baltimore with 1,293. It may cause some surprise that the list is not headed by New York, the great metropolis of America, with the largest

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