4. Which picture shall we hang between these two front windows the little Nydia or this pretty landscape?

5. It was clear that the whelps of last spring had betaken themselves to other and safer hunting grounds.

6. For a moment the boy felt afraid

afraid in his own woods.

7. Below us lies a lake, clear and cold, whereon fairies might launch their airy shallops.

8. Jo Calone threw down his saddle on the dusty ground, and turned his horses loose.

9. What fun the rabbits must have been having!

10. The full moon of October, deep orange in a clear, deep sky, hung large and somewhat distorted just over the wooded hills. 11. For a long time pain and hunger kept me awake.

12. How sweet and demure those girls looked!

13. Do you suppose that any old Roman ever had twenty-four different kinds of pie at one dinner?

14. There was something in their cries that sounded strangely wild and fierce.

15. The cardinal bird drew herself up very straight, raised her crest, and opened her big beak.

16. What harm can a naked frog do us?

17. Land in London is so valuable that a single acre of it has been sold for four and a half million dollars.

18. The old servant made our lives miserable by her cantankerous ways.

XLVIII. ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS

180. When we say, "This ring was my mother's," we use the word this as an adjective modifying the noun ring. When we say, "This was my mother's ring," we use the one word this in place of this ring as subject of the sentence, hence this is no longer an adjective, but has become a pronoun. Since its ordinary use is that of an adjective, we call it an adjective pronoun. Many limiting adjectives may be used as pronouns. We often make such sentences as these:

Few shall part where many meet.

If honor is lost, then all is lost.

When two or three are gathered together in Thy name, Thou wilt grant their requests.

181. The commonest adjective pronouns are all, any, each, either, few, first, former, last, little, many, more, most, much, neither, one, other, several, some, this, that, these, those.

Make sentences containing five of these adjective pronouns.

182. Two adjective pronouns, one and other, may be de

Sentences like these are common:

One sometimes tires of one's occupation.
Each envied the other's good fortune.

“The green

The two adjective pronouns, one and other, may be modified by adjectives; as, "Many others came,' ones are the prettiest."

Each other and one another, though consisting of two words, may be considered as one adjective pronoun.

183. Some adjective pronouns may be modified by articles. We say, "The last is the best of all the game," "I like gooseberries, so I picked a few."

Summary. An adjective pronoun is a limiting adjective used in place of a noun.

The adjective pronouns one and other may be declined. Some adjective pronouns may be modified by adjectives.

Exercise. Select the adjective pronouns in these sentences. Tell the use and case of each. Tell the noun that each pronoun stands for. Supply this noun where you can. What part of speech does the adjective pronoun become then?

1. This is the story of a bad boy.

2. Many of the protozoa are very beautiful. Some build shells for themselves of strange and curious shapes.

3. The ham turned out to be a very remarkable one.

4. There is a vast difference between the styles of 1860 and 1900. The former favored Paisley shawls and flounced skirts, the latter sanctioned the tailor-made suit and the shirt waist.

5. A little made us very happy once.

6. From time to time one or another of the leaping rabbits would take himself off through the fir trees, while others continued to arrive along the moonlight trails.

7. All is of God that is or is to be.

8. A bluejay and a red squirrel were loudly berating each other for stealing.

9. The convenience of resting one's self in the open air is one of the comforts of Paris.

10. Each of these was a wolf of renown; most of them were above the ordinary size; one in particular, the second in command, was a veritable giant. Several of the band were especially noted. One of them was a beautiful white wolf, that the Mexicans called Blanca; this was supposed to be a female, possibly Lobo's mate. Another was a yellow wolf of remarkable swiftness.

11. It is not easy to change one's life all in a minute.

12. It is a blessed fact that one's own home is the hub of the universe.

13. Every one said that I was a tomboy.

14. Some wore short doublets, others jerkins, with long knives in their belts, and most of them had enormous breeches of similar style with that of the guide's.

15. The years hurry onward, treading in their haste on one another's heels.

What noun is understood after guide's in sentence 14?

XLIX. VERBS: TENSE

184. Three very common words are yesterday, to-day, and to-morrow. The word yesterday refers to time that has gone, or past time; to-day refers to time that now is, or present time; and to-morrow refers to time that is to come, or future time.

185. Every event takes place in time, and so when we tell of the occurrence of any event, we must have some way of

making clear whether that event took place in the past, or is taking place in the present, or will take place in the future. Of course, we might tell this by adverbs or adverbial phrases, but we have a very much better way, we tell it by the form of the verb we use. What time do we think of when we see the verbs eats, works, plays, sleeps? the verbs ate, worked, played, slept? in the form of the two sets of verbs?

What time is told by
What change is made

What time is told by

the verbs will eat, will work, will play, will sleep?

186. In the last group of verbs, where each verb consists of two words, it is the first word will that denotes future time. Such a word is called a helping word, or auxiliary verb.

187. The change in the form of a verb to denote time is called tense.

188. Tense is a property of all verbs. It is evident that there must be three tenses, present, past, and future, as shown in the three sets of verbs that have just been examined. These are called primary tenses.

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There are three other tenses, called secondary tenses. We may say, I have eaten my supper," "I had eaten my supper," "I shall have eaten my supper." These verbs call attention not so much to the time of the action as to the fact that it is completed, or perfected.

Have eaten means that a past action is completed at the present time. This form is called the present perfect tense.

Had eaten means that a past action was completed before some particular past time. This form is called the past perfect tense.

Shall have eaten means that an action will be completed before some definite future time. This is called the future perfect tense.

Summary. Tense is that property of a verb which denotes the time of an action or an event.

There are six tenses:

(1) The present tense denotes that an action is taking place. It usually consists of one word, the simplest form of the verb. (2) The past tense denotes that an action did take place. It usually consists of one word.

(3) The future tense denotes that an action will take place. It consists of two words, one of which is the auxiliary shall or will.

(4) The present perfect tense denotes that a past action is now completed. It consists of two words, one of which is the auxiliary have or has.

(5) The past perfect tense denotes that a past action was completed before a particular past time. It consists of two words, one of which is the auxiliary had.

(6) The future perfect tense denotes that a future action will be completed before a particular future time. It consists of three words, one of which is the auxiliary have, and another the auxiliary shall or will.

NOTES.-1. The present tense is used also to denote (1) that something is true at all times; as "Waste makes want," and (2) that something occurs habitually; as, "She teaches school."

2. When a predicate consists of a series of verbs in the same tense, the auxiliary is usually expressed only with the first verb. In the sentence, "Now that he has eaten and slept, he is ready for work," the second verb is has slept, with the auxiliary understood.

189. A common error is the use of the present perfect tense for the past tense. We say, "I have been in Florida several times," because we mean several times before now; but we say, "I was in Florida last year," because we mean that our being there occurred in past time with no reference whatever to the present. If we are still in Florida we may say, "I have been in Florida a long time "; but if we are no longer in Florida we say, "I was in Florida a long time."