sentence, "She kept the polished floor as bright as a mirror," if we change the sentence to the passive voice, the adjective becomes a subjective complement; as, “The polished floor was kept as bright as a mirror."

227. We learned in Lesson XXXIV that certain verbs may be followed by both an indirect and a direct object; as, "Fred told Arthur the news."

In changing this sentence to the passive voice we may use the direct object for the subject of the passive verb; as, "The news was told to Arthur by Fred"; or we may use the indirect object for the subject of the passive verb; as, "Arthur was told the news by Fred." In the latter case we have an idiomatic construction a passive verb was told taking a direct object the news. The direct object of a passive verb is often called a retained object, because it remains as an object after the sentence has been changed to the passive voice.

Not all sentences containing a direct and an indirect object can be changed to the passive voice in two ways. We say, "A rose was given to me," or "I was given a rose.” We say, "A holiday was promised to the children," or "The children were promised a holiday." But we do not say, "I was passed the bread," "I was written a note," or "I was poured a cup of tea.'

Summary. The past participle of a transitive verb may be used as the subjective complement of some form of the verb be. In such a case it denotes the condition of the subject.

When a sentence containing a direct object and an objective complement is changed to the passive voice, the direct object becomes the subject, and the objective complement becomes a subjective complement.

Some sentences containing both an indirect and a direct object may be changed to the passive voice in two ways,

either the direct object or the indirect object becoming the subject.

Exercise 1. Select each verb in the following sentences. Tell its voice, and how it is completed.

1. The time of the singing of birds is come, and the voice of the turtle is heard in the land.

2. Queen Elizabeth is often familiarly called Queen Bess.

3. Rebecca's face was so swollen with tears and so sharp with misery that for a moment Uncle Jerry scarcely recognized her.

4. To put it mildly, Mrs. Howe was greatly pleased when she was elected first president of the Murray Hill Society.

5. When the eggs had been beaten stiff, the little cook sifted the sugar.

6. Christ the Lord is risen to-day.

7. The colonists were so disheartened and alarmed that they sailed at once for England.

8. The youngest girl in the senior class was chosen valedictorian. 9. When the automobile ran off the bridge, every one was surprised at the driver's escape.

10. The black colt had been named Odin, but he was always called Teddy.

12. Those people are mistaken who say that hard work does not pay they have never really tried it.

13. The room was made cool and dark, so that the lady might sleep.

14. The roofs of the long red barns, which had been stained green by the weather, were struck by the level rays of the low, western sun./ 15. The fabric of common order in America is sound and strong at the center; the pattern is well marked, and the threads are firmly

woven.

16. Harvard College may be regarded as the legitimate child of Emmanuel College at Cambridge in England.

Exercise 2. Make either one or two passive sentences out of each sentence in Exercise 2, page 90. Tell in each case what becomes of the subject, the direct object, and the indirect object.

LVII. THE PROGRESSIVE CONJUGATION

228. We have learned to conjugate verbs both declaratively and interrogatively, in both the active and the passive voice. There is another form of conjugation, as shown in the statements, I am laughing, I was laughing, I shall be laughing, I have been laughing, etc.

We use this form of conjugation when we wish to call attention to the continuance of the action asserted by the verb, and we call it the progressive conjugation.

229. Just as we use the past participle in conjugating a verb in the passive voice, so we use the present participle in conjugating a verb in the progressive form. Laughing is the present participle of the verb laugh. The present participle of every verb ends in ing; as, running, hoping, tying.

230. Synopsis of the progressive conjugation of the verb

see:

-

NOTE. In the synopsis of a conjugation we give only one form for each tense, instead of six forms.

231. The progressive conjugation may be made interrogative by changing the position of the auxiliary; as, am I seeing? was I seeing? etc.

Summary. The progressive conjugation is used to denote a continued action.

It is made by joining the present participle of a given verb to the conjugation of the verb be.

Exercise. Conjugate the verbs lift, dine, and get in the progressive form, both declaratively and interrogatively.

LVIII. THE EMPHATIC CONJUGATION

232. In the indicative mode, present tense, we may say, I study, which is the common form, or I am studying, which is the progressive form, or I do study, which is the emphatic form.

233. The emphatic conjugation is made by using the auxiliary verb do. It is found only in the present and past tenses of the indicative mode, and in the imperative mode.

234. Conjugation of the verb try in the emphatic form.

235. The two tenses of the indicative mode, emphatic form, may be made interrogative, as we learned in Lesson LI.

236. The emphatic form is used for other purposes than for emphasis. It is generally used instead of the ordinary forms when the adverb not modifies the predicate. We say, "I do not love thee, Dr. Fell," instead of "I love thee not." And in the imperative mode with not we say, "Do not run with the ball," instead of " Run not with the ball."

237. When we parse a verb, we should tell,

(1) Its class as to form, - regular or irregular. (2) Its principal parts.

(5) Its mode, - indicative, subjunctive, or imperative. (6) Its tense.

(7) Its person.

(8) Its number.

(9) Its form of conjugation,-interrogative, progressive, or emphatic.

(10) Its simple subject.

(11) Its complement (if any), — direct object, subjective complement, or objective complement.

Exercise. Parse each verb in the following sentences:

1. What are you smiling at, Lady Mother?

2. The shades were lowered at the windows, the lamps were lighted, the great family table was drawn towards the fire.

3. When he went out from the village at the head of his men one fine day, while the sun was shining brightly, and the birds were singing, he did not neglect a single one of the many things which he had been told always brought good luck to the hunting.

4. "No," said Mrs. Howe, "I don't enjoy moving, but the children do. They have been transporting clocks, and pictures,