1. How the huge breakers foam and fret!

2. People living by the sea are always more or less superstitious. 3. No one can work well without sleep.

4. Whence came that blessed mother love, so strong, so dauntless, so pure, and whither has it fled?

5. Where had the stone been before? Why did it come there? When would it go away?

6. Heaven is not reached at a single bound.

7. Luckily, poor Pepper was not seriously hurt.

8. Meanwhile Mrs. Peterkin was getting quite impatient for her coffee.

9. How do you like to go up in a swing, up in the air so blue? 10. Why should one hurry when days are long and calm and sweet?

11. You may lead a horse to water, but you cannot make him drink.

12. Presently a huge black bear poked his nose out of the bushes, and sniffed inquiringly.

13. How quickly we learn to claim as our own that in which we delight!

LXVI. CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS

271. In Lesson XX we learned that a dependent clause is one that does not make sense when standing alone; also that such a clause sometimes has the office of an adverb, modifying a predicate, and sometimes that of an adjective, modifying a noun. It is, therefore, called an adverbial clause or an adjective clause.

Select and classify the 'dependent clauses in each of the following sentences:

(a) Old Stony Phiz set out on a visit to the valley where he was born.

(b) When I first came to Rivermouth, I looked upon girls as rather tame company.

272. A dependent clause is usually introduced by some word which indicates that it is a dependent clause. In the clause where he was born, this introductory word is where. What is the introductory word in the clause in sentence (b)?

This introductory word does more than introduce the clause; it joins the clause to the word the clause modifies. What does where join in (a)? What does the introductory word in (b) join?

But these words do more than join. Where denotes place, and modifies the verb was born. Hence it is an adverb. What does when denote? What does it modify?

Since these words have two uses, that of an adverb and' that of a joining word, we call them conjunctive adverbs.

Summary. A conjunctive adverb is one that introduces a clause, modifies some part of the clause, generally the predicate, and joins the clause to that part of the sentence which the clause modifies.

Some common conjunctive adverbs are when, where, whence, whenever, wherever, while, why, how. (See note, p. 177.)

An adverbial clause is a dependent clause that is used like an adverb.

An adjective clause is a dependent clause that is used like an adjective.

Both the adjective and the adverbial clause may be introduced by a conjunctive adverb.

Exercise. Select all the conjunctive adverbs in the following sentences. Tell what clause they introduce, what they join, what they denote, and what they modify.

1. When his eyes got command of the dusk, he saw to his surprise that the den was empty.

2. Mr. Gathergold bethought himself of his native valley, and resolved to go back thither, and end his days where he was born.

3. The canals in Amsterdam are crossed by a great many drawbridges, and the people must sometimes wait while a ship or barge is passing.

4. Our lunch was only bread and tea and blueberries and cream, but do you remember how delicious it tasted that day when you came home from the circus as tired as a dog and as hungry as a bear?

5.

Whenever I cross the river

On its bridge with wooden piers,
Like the odor of brine from the ocean,

Comes the thought of other years.

6. The reason why men succeed who mind their own business is because there is so little competition.

7.

The frugal snail, with forecast of repose,

Carries his house with him where'er he goes.

8. When all the trees in the forest have the same number of leaves, then will all men be alike in their power and skill.

9. While the breath's in his mouth, he must bear without fail, In the name of the Empress the Overland Mail.

10.

Where'er our footsteps range,

Comes the chilling breath of change,

And the best of friends look strange
When the purse is low.

11. The reason why men do not obey us is because they see the mud at the bottom of our eye.

12.

So shut your eyes while mother sings

Of wonderful sights that be.

13. Chip answered me with a cheery little note or two whenever I spoke to him.

14.

My heart leaps up when I behold

A rainbow in the sky.

LXVII.

SUMMARY OF ADVERBS

273. We have learned,

(1) That adverbs may be simple adverbs or conjunctive adverbs.

(2) That simple adverbs merely modify some word or group of words.

(3) That conjunctive adverbs modify, and at the same time introduce a dependent clause and join it to whatever the clause modifies.

(4) That one kind of simple adverb is the interrogative adverb, which is used in asking a question.

(5) That an adverb may modify a verb, an adjective, an adverb, a whole predicate, or even a whole statement.

(6) That adverbs may denote time, place, manner, degree, and direction.

(7) That some adverbs may be compared.

Give a good illustration of each point in this summary.

274. When we parse an adverb we should tell,

(1) Its class as to use, -simple, interrogative, conjunctive. (2) Its class as to meaning,-time, place, manner, etc. (3) Its degree (if it admits of comparison). (4) Its use, and what it modifies.

Exercise.Parse each adverb in the following sentences:

1. Virtue and intelligence will lead our country ever onward in her happy career.

2. Oh, why should the spirit of mortal be proud?

3. The man in the moon came down too soon.

4. Fortunately, what seemed to be a barrel of apples turned out to be an electric lamp.

5. The old horse cars rocked along scarcely faster than we could walk.

6. Calmly I await the hour when the summons comes for me. 7. Somewhere the birds are singing evermore.

8. I will lock the door most willingly, but I will not cover the bird.

9. Probably Frank was mightily relieved when he saw the mayor's automobile.

10. Our side made a remarkably good score.

11. Where shall we sit in the new church?

LXVIII. COÖRDINATE CONJUNCTIONS

275. We have learned that such words as and, but, and or are conjunctions. Their use is merely to join, and they may join either words, phrases, or clauses. Since they join like elements, a word to a word, a phrase to a phrase, a clause to a clause, a sentence to a sentence, we call them coördinate conjunctions.

276. In the sentence, "Either the well was very deep or she fell very slowly," the coördinate conjunction or, which joins two sentences, is preceded by the word either, which hints that or is coming. When either and or are used in this way, they are called correlatives; that is, they are words related to each other. Other correlatives are neither, nor; not only, but; both, and. It is always the second word of these pairs that does the joining. The first merely tells the listener or reader what sort of sentence is to follow.

NOTE.-Frequently a coördinate conjunction has another word going with it to change or emphasize its meaning. In the sentence, "He is rich and yet he is not generous," the word yet going with and changes its meaning to but. In the sentence, "He is poor, but still he is generous," the word still reinforces the meaning of but. Such a word associated with a conjunction may be said to be a part of the conjunction, that is, the two words together do the joining. In the same way the two words not only form the correlative of but or but also; as, “He is not only a teacher but also a student." What does but also join here?

Summary. A coördinate conjunction is one that joins like elements. It is sometimes more than one word.

Correlative coördinate conjunctions are pairs of words, the second of which does the joining.

Exercise. When we parse a coördinate conjunction we tell its class and what it joins. If it has a correlative, we state that fact. Parse the coördinate conjunctions in the following sentences:

1. The writer who professes to care nothing for fame is probably deceiving himself, or else his liver is out of order.

2. Everybody took a holiday, and high and low, rich and poor, feasted and danced and sang, and got very mellow.

3. There was neither dust nor mud nor noise to annoy one. 4. The mahogany arm chair is very handsome, and the green plush rocker is very comfortable, but still I choose this little chair with the flowers painted on the back, that mother gave to me when I was only five.