any way upon the professor, as such, or upon the faculty of professors, the maintenance of good order and discipline among the students or cadets, or to hold them responsible for the conduct or behavior of the cadets or students outside of their class or lecture rooms and during the time of recitation, or study, or lecture; and it is particularly enjoined upon the board of supervisors to delegate to the president of the university and agricultural and mechanical college, and through him to such assistant disciplinarians as may be assigned him from among the professors and assistant professors, sufficient authority to enable him to maintain proper discipline and good order, and to meet promptly and efficiently the great responsibility hereby imposed on him. No student or cadet shall ever be tried by the faculty or professors or by any committee of professors for any breach of discipline or other misconduct. But no provision of this section or this act shall be construed as militating against a proper subordination of professors or other officers to the president of the university and agricultural and mechanical college, and the necessity of obeying all the rules and orders which he may impose on them in virtue of the provisions of this act, and of the rightful authority delegated to him by the board of supervisors, as hereby enjoined upon the board; and the president of the university and agricultural and mechanical college shall have the power to assemble the faculty or any committee or number of the professors at any time he may see fit for consultation or advice or other action, on any subjectmatter he may choose to lay before them, provided only, that in all matters of discipline and relating to the conduct and behavior of students and cadets the president alone, and not the faculty or any professor, shall decide and act.

SEC. 23. The State of Louisiana in its corporate capacity may take by grant, gift, devise, or bequest any property for the use of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, or any school thereof, or of any professorship, chair, or scholarship therein, or for the library, museum, observatory, workshops, experimental farm, apparatus, cabinet, or for any purpose appropriate to the university and agricultural and mechanical college; and such property shall be taken, received, held, managed, and invested, and the proceeds thereof used, bestowed, and applied by the said board of supervisors for the purposes, provisions, and conditions prescribed by the respective grant, gift, devise, or bequest, and in accordance with the provisions of sections 5, 11, and 17 of this act.

SEC. 25. The board of supervisors may invest any of the permanent funds of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College which are now, or may hereafter be, in its custody, in productive, unincumbered real estate in this State, subject to the power of the legislature; to control or change such investments, excepting such as by the provisions of previous sections of this act, or by the terms of their acquisition must be otherwise invested.

SEC. 26. If. by the terms of any grant, gift, devise, or bequest, such as are herein before described in sections 23 and 24 of this act, conditions are imposed which are impracticable under the provisions of the revised statutes of this State, such grants, gifts, devise, or bequest shall not thereby fail, but such conditions shall be rejected and the intent of the donor carried out as near as may be.

Acts 1886, No. 100: SECTION 1. Each parish as now created or that may hereafter be created in the State shall have the right to delegate to the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College one beneficiary cadet, and the city of New Orleans shall have the right to delegate to said institution 17 beneficiary cadets, or one from each ward of said city; said beneficiaries to remain at said institution four years, unless sooner graduated or otherwise discharged: Provided, That no beneficiary cadet shall be permitted to resign from said institution without the consent of the board of supervisors thereof, which consent shall be given only in a case of urgent necessity, such as serious and long protracted ill health, duly declared by the certificate of the surgeon of said institution, or other competent physician, to be of such nature as to render it impossible for said cadet to pursue his studies with advantage.

SEC. 2. The police jury of each parish and the city council of New Orleans, respectively, may, at a regular meeting, elect the number of beneficiary cadets to which said parish or city is entitled as aforesaid, of such age and qualifications as may be prescribed by the board of supervisors for admission to one of the college classes of said university and agricultural and mechanical college, and shall cause the beneficiary so selected to report in person to said institution on or before said 5th day of October: Provided, That said beneficiary cadets shall be selected from the number of those residents of said parish or of said city who have not themselves, nor have their parents, the means of defraying the whole of their necessary expenses of maintenance and support at said institution, which facts shall be duly

certified to the president of said institution by the president of said police jury or said city council of New Orleans as true, to the best of his knowledge and belief. SEC. 3. For the maintenance and board of said beneficiaries in said institution the sum of $10,710 is appropriated annually, for two years, out of any funds in the treasury not otherwise appropriated.

* * *

SEC. 4. For the maintenance and board of said beneficiaries in said institution the police juries of the several parishes and the city council of the city of New Orleans are authorized and empowered to appropriate out of their respective treasuries a sufficient sum to defray the necessary expenses of said cadets as appointed under the provisions of this act: Provided, That the expense of no cadet shall exceed $250 per annum: Provided further, That under no circumstances shall any part of this sum be paid by the State.

SEC. 5. In order to take advantage of the right granted to each parish and to the city of New Orleans in section 1 of this act, each parish and said city shall make an appropriation of $150 per annum out of any money in its treasury for the maintenance and board in said institution of each beneficiary cadet delegated by said parish or said city, said sum to be paid to the treasurer of such institution before the admission of said cadet; and the power to make such appropriation is hereby granted to the police juries of the several parishes and to the city council of New Orleans.

Acts of 1888, No. 100: Gives legislative assent to grants of money by Congress to establish "agricultural experiment stations" and ratifies the resolutions adopted on April 5, 1887, by the board of supervisors of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, in connection therewith.

Acts 1892, No. 17: Provides "that full and complete acceptance, ratification, and assent are hereby made" by the State to an act of Congress (July 2, 1862) applying a portion of the proceeds of public lands to the endowment of colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic

arts.

SEC. 1331. The "State Seminary of Learning," established near the town of Alexandria, in the parish of Rapides, shall be hereafter designated as "The Louisiana State Seminary of Learning and Military Academy," and shall be under the direction and control of fourteen supervisors, who shall be a body corporate under the style and title of the "Board of Supervisors of the Louisiana State Seminary of Learning and Military Academy," with the right as such to use a common seal, and who shall be capable in law to receive all donations, subscriptions, and bequests in trust for said seminary and academy, and to receive all debts which may become the property of said seminary and academy, and to sue and be sued in courts of justice, and in general to do all acts for the benefit of the seminary and academy which are incident to bodies corporate.

SEC. 1332. The governor of the State shall be ex officio president of the board of supervisors, and the chief justice of the supreme court, the superintendent of public education, and [the] State engineer shall be ex officio members of said board. The remaining ten members thereof shall be appointed by the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, for four years, and they shall continue to exercise the duties of their office until their successors are qualified, and they shall be removed by the same power and in the same manner as provided for in their appointment. The governor shall select said remaining members as follows.

* * *

SEC. 1334. The board of supervisors shall have power to engage a superintendent and other professors and all other officers necessary for conducting the literary, financial, and civil concerns and interests of the said seminary and academy, and to remove the same at pleasure; to fix and regulate the salaries of the professors and all other officers, tuition fees, and all other charges; to establish rules for the good government and discipline of the students; to prescribe the duties of all officers, servants, and others; to confer diplomas, upon the recommendation of the superintendent and faculty, on students for proficiency in any branch of science or department of learning, and in general to make all rules and regulations which may be deemed necessary for the proper government of the said seminary and academy and for promoting the objects for which it was founded, but nothing in this act shall be construed as obligating the State to pay any debts contracted by the board of supervisors in case they should at any time exceed the appropriation made for the support of said seminary and academy. SEC. 1335. In the course of study pursued at the said seminary and academy the board of supervisors shall cause instruction to be given in the military branches of science, the students shall be styled "cadets," and shall compose a military corps

a August 30, 1890.

Subsequently known, by an act of 1870, as the Louisiana State University. Gen. W. T. Sherman was its first superintendent.

under the command of the superintendent and such other professors as may be assigned to that branch of instruction. They shall constitute a guard to all public property, arms, or munitions now there or which may be hereafter assembled there, and the superintendent shall receipt for all such property, arms, or munitions, and obey all orders relative to their preservation or delivery he may receive from the governor of the State.

SEC. 1336. The governor of the State shall cause to be issued to the superintendent a commission as colonel, and to such other professors as may be assigned to command commissions as majors, captains, or lieutenants, according to the strength of the command; that such commissions shall not entitle the holders to any rank in the militia of the State or to any claims whatever to compensation other than what is attached to their positions as professors.

SEC. 1340. The board of supervisors shall at their first meeting elect a secretary, who shall record, attest, and preserve their proceedings, and a treasurer, who shall give bond for the faithful performance of his duties, and in such sum as shall be determined by the board.

SEC. 1341. It shall be the duty of the board of supervisors, immediately after their organization, to prescribe the course of studies to be pursued at the seminary, the number of professors, and to draw up a project of the system so adopted.

SEC. 1342. The board of supervisors shall at all times conform to such laws as the legislature may from time to time enact for their government, and the said seminary shall in all things and at all times be subject to the control of the legislature; and the said board of supervisors shall make an annual report to the legislature during the first week of the session, embracing a full account of the disbursements and a general statement of the condition of said seminary.

SEC. 1343. No gambling house or drinking saloon or store for the barter or sale of any kind of merchandise whatsoever shall be established within 2 miles of said institution.

SEC. 1844. It shall be the duty of the board of supervisors of the Louisiana State Seminary of Learning and Military Academy to require the professor of engineering and the professors of chemistry, mineralogy, and geology to spend not less than four months of every year in making jointly a topographical and geological survey of the State of Louisiana till the whole work is completed to the satisfaction of the legislature.

SEC. 1345. It shall be the duty of said professor of engineering and chemistry to make, on the 31st day of December of each year, detailed reports, with the necessary maps and diagrams of their survey, to the superintendent of said institution, and it shall be the duty of said superintendent to forward said reports with his own annual report to the board of supervisors for transmittal to the legislature in the annual report of said board.

SEC. 1346. It shall be the duty of the superintendent of said institution to consider the topographical and geological survey of the State as herein provided for as a part of the regular duties of said institution and to superintend the same accordingly.

*

SEC. 1347. Said professors of engineering and chemistry* *be allowed each the sum of $500 for necessary traveling expenses while in the performance of said duties, to be paid to the treasurer of said institution on the warrant of the president or vice-president of said board of supervisors.

Acts 1880, No. 87. SECTION 1. There shall be established in the city of New Orleans a university for the education of persons of color, to be named and entitled the Southern University." a

SEC. 2. The said university shall be governed and directed by a board of trustees, to be composed of twelve members, who shall be appointed by the governor by and with the advice and consent of the senate: Provided, That at least four of said board of twelve shall be appointed from the colored race; vacancies shall be filled in a similar manner. The members of the board shall be appointed to serve during four years, but any member failing to attend two successive regular meetings of the board shall, except in case of sickness or other good cause, be considered no longer a member of said board, and the governor, on receiving official notice of such absence from the president of the board, whose duty it shall be to report the same, shall immediately fill the vacancy in the manner prescribed.

SEC. 3. Six members of said board, at a stated or regularly called session, shall constitute a quorum.

a The constitution (art. 256) recognizes the Louisiana State Normal School * * * and the Southern University, now established in the city of New Orleans for the education of persons of color; and in the case of the Southern University no annual appropriation for maintenance and support shall exceed $10,000.

SEC. 4. Said board of trustees shall be empowered to elect from among their own members a president and vice-president of the board, a secretary, and treasurer; the treasurer shall give bond in the sum of $10,000 for the faithful performance of his duties, and shall pay out money only upon warrants issued by the president of the board, countersigned by the president of the faculty: Provided, That the treasurer shall not be a professor or other officer or employee of the university, and shall not be interested, directly or indirectly, in any contract for furnishing supplies or articles of any kind to the university: Provided further, That at the discretion of the board the two offices of secretary and treasurer may be combined in one person.

SEC. 5. Said board of trustees shall be empowered to enact general rules and by-laws for the said university in all its departments, and to elect a president of the faculty, professors, and teachers, and determine their compensation; also, all officers and employees that may be necessary, and prescribe their duties and compensation.

SEC. 6. Said university shall be organized as a corporation under the general laws of the State of Louisiana, and the trustees thereof shall be capable in law to receive all donations, trusts, and bequests made to the "Southern University,' and manage the same, to sue and be sued in courts of justice, and to do all other acts in the premises incident to such trustees.

SEC. 7. There shall be established by said board of trustees a faculty of arts and letters, which shall be competent to instruct in every branch of a liberal education, and under rules of and in concurrence with the board of trustees, to graduate students and grant all degrees appertaining to letters and arts known to universities and colleges in Europe and America on persons competent and deserving the same. There may also be established by said board of trustees a department of law and medicine. The department of law shall consist of three or more learned professors, learned and skilled in the practice of law in this State, who shall be required to give a full course of lectures on international, constitutional, commercial, and municipal or civil law, and instruction in the practice thereof. The medical department of the university shall consist of not less than three professors. They shall be appointed by the board of trustees from regular practicing physicians of the State. The degree of bachelor of law and doctor of inedicine, granted by them, shall authorize the person on whom it is conferred to practice law and physic and surgery in this State (as amended by act 90, 1888).

CHAPTER II.

FRANKLIN'S INFLUENCE IN AMERICAN EDUCATION.

By FRANCIS NEWTON THORPE,

The riches of a country are to be valued by the quantity of labor its inhabitants are able to purchase, and not by the quantity of silver and gold they possess.-Franklin.

Neither must we cast a slight upon education, which is the first and fairest thing that the best of men ever have, and which, though liable to take wrong direction, is capable of reformation. And this work of reformation is the great business of every man while he lives.-Plato.

I think a general government necessary for us, and there is no form of government that may not be a blessing if well administered; and I believe, further, that this is likely to be well administered for a course of years, and can only end in despotism, as other forms have done before it, when the people shall become corrupted as to need despotic government, being incapable of any other.-Franklin.

I. The Artisan and the Art.

CONTENTS.

II. The Practice of the Art in a Democracy.

III. The Law of Living.

IV. Three Interpreters.

V. For the Sake of the Whole.

I.

THE ARTISAN AND THE ART.

Among the creative minds of the eighteenth century was one The artisan. whose sanity has profoundly influenced posterity. He was an American, the new world's gift to the old. It has been common to praise him these hundred years. He was a man of the people and was familiar with all sorts and conditions of men. His ancestry enrolled a long line of freemen, when to be free by right was a greater honor than a patent of nobility. Through the centuries of their enjoyment of a free estate his ancestors followed habits which made them thrifty and wise. For more than four score years of the fertile eighteenth century he grew with its growth and he ripened in the closing years of its rich maturity. Among his contemporaries, and they included Hume and Voltaire, he was assigned a unique place by common consent. To men whether of low or of high degree his relations were normal; indeed he was so much the cosmopolitan that his name before his death became the American name most familiar to Europeans, and in his own country as familiar as Washington's.

Self-adjustment.

Yet this man, this child of an ancient line of English franklins, this plain American who stood before Kings, was somewhat unconventional in his education, for he became a wise man by teaching himself. His records of the process of his self-culture remain the maxims of a world experience. Intimately knowing himself, he knew all men, and therefore