gave rife to his famous work de jure naturæ & gentium, of which we shall speak below. The elector palatine, Charles Lewis, to whom he had dedicated it, not only wrote him immediately a letter of thanks, but invited him to the univerfity of Heidelberg, which he was defirous of restoring to its former luftre, and founded there in his favor a profeffor ship of the law of nature and nations which was the first of that kind in Germany, though many have fince been ef tablished in imitation of it. The elector engaged him alfo to allot fome portion of his time, in inftructing the electoral prince, his fon. Puffendorf remained at Heidelberg till 1670, when Charles XI, king of Sweden, having founded an university at Lunden, fent for him to be profeffor there and thither, to the great concern of the elector pa latine, he went the fame year, and was inftalled profeffor of the law of nature and nations. His reputation greatly increased after that time, both by the fame and fuccefs of his lectures, and by the many valuable works that he published. Some years after, the king of Sweden fent for him to Stockholm, and made him his hiftoriographer, and one of his counsellors. In 1688, the elector of Brandenburg obtained the consent of the king of Sweden, for Puffendorf to come to Berlin, in order to write the history of the elector William the Great; and granted him the fame titles of hiftoriographer and privy counfellor, which he had in Sweden, with a confiderable penfion. Nevertheless, the king of Sweden continued to give him marks of his favor, and made him a baron in 1694. But he did not enjoy the title long; for he died, the 26th of October the fame year, of a mortification in one of his toes, occafioned by cutting the nail.

Very numerous are the works of this learned and excellent man we have already mentioned his firft work; and his fecond was, 2. De Statu Germannici Imperii liber unus : which he published in 1667, under the name of Severini de Mozambano, with a dedication to his brother Ifaac Puffendorf, whom he ftiles Lælio Signor de Trezolani. Puffendorf fent it the year before to his brother, then ambassador from the court of Sweden to that of France, in order to have it printed in that kingdom. His brother offered it to a bookfeller,

D 4

feller, who gave it Mezeray to perufe. Mezeray thought it worth printing, yet refufed his approbation, on account of fome paffages oppofite to the interefts of France, and of others, in which the priests and monks were feverely treated. Upon this Ifaac Puffendorf fent it to Geneva, and there it was printed in 12mo. It met with great oppofition; was condemned, prohibited, and feized in many parts of Germany; and wrote against immediately by feveral learned civilians. It underwent many editions, and was tranflated into many languages; and, among the reft, into English by Mr. Bohun 1696, in 12mo. 3. De Jure Naturæ & Gentium 162, 4to. This is Puffendorf's greatest work; and it has met with a very general approbation. It is indeed a body of the law of nature,' well digefted; and, as fome think, preferable to Grotius's book de jure belli & pacis, fince the fame fubjects are treated in a more extenfive manner, and with greater order. It was tranflated into French by Mr. Barbeyrac, who wrote large notes and an introductory discourse, in 1706; and into English, with Barbeyrac's notes, by Dr. Bafil Kennet and others in 1708. The fourth and fifth edition of the English translation have Mr. Barbeyrac's introductory difcourfe, which the former have not. In the mean time, Puffendorf was obliged to defend this work against several cenfures: the most furious of whom was Nicholas Beckman, his collegue in the university of Lunden. This writer, in order to give the greater weight to his objections, endeavored to draw the divines into his party, by bringing religion into the difpute, and accufing our author of heterodoxy. His defign in this was, to exafperate the clergy of Sweden against Puffendorf; but the fenators of that kingdom prevented this, by enjoining his enemies filence, and fuppreffing Beckman's book by the king's authority. It was reprinted at Gieffen, and being brought to Sweden, was burned in 1675 by the hands of the executioner; and Beckman, the author, banished from the king's dominions for having difobeyed orders in republishing it. Beckman now gave his fury full fcope, and not only wrote virulently and malicioufly against Puffendorf, but likewife challenged him to fight a duel: he wrote to him from Co

penhagen

penhagen in that ftile, and threatened to purfue him whereever he should go, in case he did not meet him at the place appointed. Puffendorf took no notice of the letter, but fent it to the confiftory of the university: yet thought it neceffary to reply to the fatirical pieces of that writer, which he did in feveral publications.

Other works of Puffendorf are, 4. De officio hominis & civis juxta legem naturalem, 1673, 8vo. This is a very clear and methodical abridgment of his great work de jure naturæ & gentium. 5." Introduction to the Hiftory of Eu. "rope, 1682. With a Continuation, 1686; and an Addi“tion, 1699.” In High Dutch: afterwards translated into Latin, French, and English. 5. Commentariorum de rebus Suecicis libri xxvi. ab expeditione Gustavi Adolphi Regis in Germaniam ad abdicationem ufque Chriftinæ, 1686, fo lio. Puffendorf, having read the public papers in the archives of Sweden, with a defign of writing the history of Charles Gustavus. according to orders received from Charles IX, thought proper to begin with that of Guftavus Adolphus, and to continue it down to the abdication of queen Chriftina: and this he has executed in the prefent work, which is very curious and exact. 6. De habitu Religionis Chriftianæ ad vitam civilem, 1687, 4to. In this work an attempt is made to fettle the juft bounds between the ecclefiaftical and civil powers. 7. Jus Feciale Divinum, five de confenfu & diffenfu Proteftantium & Exercitatio Pofthuma, 1695, 8vo. Our author here proposes a scheme for the reunion of religions; and it appears from the zeal, with which he recommended the printing of it before his death, that this was his favorite work. 8. De Rebus geftis Frederici Wi'elmi Magni, Electoris Brandenburgici Commentarii, 1695, in two volumes folio. Extracted from the archives of the House of Brandenburg. 9. De rebus a Carolo Gustavo Sueciæ Regis geftis Commentarii, 1696, in two volumes folio.

We omit many works of a smaller kind, which, being chiefly polemical, and nothing more than defences against envy and perfonal abufe, deferve little regard.

PUGHET.

PUGHET (PETER PAUL) one of the greatest painters that France ever produced, though not mentioned by any of their own writers. He was born at Marseilles in the year 1623; we have no account of his education in this art, but in his manner he resembled Michael Angelo, without imbibing his faults, being both more delicate and more natural than that great master: like whom too, Pughet united the talents of painting, sculpture, and architecture; not contented with animating the marble, and rendering it in appearance flexible as flesh itself. When he was called upon to exert his skill, he raised and adorned palaces, in a manner that proved him a judicious architect; and when he committed the charming Account of productions of his imagination to canvas, he painted fuch pictures as the delighted beholder was never tired with viewLond. 1754, ing. He died in the place of his birth, in the year 1695.

modern

8vo.

Wood's Faf

Britannica.

There are two prints engraved from his paintings in the cabinet of Aix, whence this account was taken.

PURCHAS (SAMUEL) a learned English divine, and compiler of a valuable collection of voyages, was born at ti, vol. 1. Thaxftead in Effex, in 1577, and educated at Cambridge. Biographia In 1604, he was inftituted to the vicarage of Eaftwood in Effex; but leaving the cure of it to his brother, went and lived in London, the better to carry on the great work he had undertaken. He published the first volume in 1613, and the four last in 1625, under this title: "Purchas his Pilgri"mage, or Relations of the World, and the Religions obfer"ved in all ages and places discovered from the Creation unto "this prefent." In 1615, he was incorporated at Oxford, as he ftood at Cambridge, bachelor of Divinity; and in November before, as is very probable, had been collated to the rectory of St. Martin's Ludgate in London. He was alfo chaplain to Abbot, archbishop of Canterbury. By the publishing of his books, he brought himself into debt: however, he did not die in prison, as some have afferted, but in his own house, and about the year 1628. His pilgrimages, and the learned Hackluyt's voyages, led the way to all other collections of that kind; and have been juftly valued and esteemed. Boiffard, a learned foreigner, has given a prodigious character of

Mr.

Mr. Purchas: he ftiles him " a man, exquifitely fkilled in In Biblioth. Joannis "languages, and all arts divine and human; a very great Boiffardi.

philosopher, hiftorian, and divine; a faithful presbyter of "the church of England; very famous for many excellent "writings, and especially for his vaft volumes of the Eaft "and Weft Indies, written in his native tongue."

Boyle's Dict.

PUTEANUS (ERYCIUS) a very learned man, was born at Venlo in Gelderland the 4th of November 1574, and began his ftudies at Dort; from whence he removed to Cologne, where he ftudied rhetoric, and went through a courfe of philofophy in the college of the jefuits. He went PUTZANUS afterwards to study the law at Louvain, and took the degree of bachelor there in 1597. He improved very much by Lipfius's lectures, who conceived a great efteem and friendship for him. The fame year he went into Italy, and continued fome time in the house of John Fernand de Velafcos, governor of the Milaneze; from whence he removed to Padua, but returned to Milan in 1601, being then chofen profeffor of eloquence there. He gained a great reputation, and was promoted to the honour of being hiftoriographer to his catholic majesty and, in 1603, the city of Rome admitted him and his pofterity among her patricians. In 1604, he commenced doctor of law at Milan: he took alfo a wife the fame year, by whom he had many children. He commends her and his children very much in his letters: in one, wrote in 1626, he tells his friend, that nothing is more agreeable than a good wife; "I fpeak it by experience, fays he, mine appears always young and beautiful to me, becaufe though fhe has of"ten had children, yet fhe ftill preferves the flower of her "youth, and the charms of her perfon." This, however, adds Mr. Bayle, did not come up to the wifh of a Roman poet. Puteanus's wife appeared ftill young and beautiful to her husband, because she was ftill really fo: but the great point for a woman is, to appear young and handsome, even when she is no longer fo. In 1606, he removed from Milan to Louvain, being appointed to fucceed to the profeffor's chair, which Juftus Lipfius had filled with fo much glory. He was very much confidered in the Low Countries, and enjoyed the titles of hiftoriographer to the king of Spain, and counsellor

to