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CONTENTS.
CHAP. I.
Notes on Effects of Steam-power on social Relations. On Novelty
in foreign Countries. On Calais and Dover. Eustace de St.
Pierre, Beau Brummel, Edward III. On Flanders, Cassel, the
Flemish Dialect. Difference of social Structure where the un-
latinized Teutonic Dialects prevail. Division of the Land into
small Estates on the Sea-coasts and River-sides of Europe.
Division of Land on the Continent. Tendency to its Aggrega-
tion in Britain. New Elements in the social Structure abroad.
Difference of the social Structure in England. Subjects for the
Traveller's Consideration
Page 1
-
CHAP. II.
Notes on the Small-estate Occupancy of Land in Flanders as com-
pared with the Large-estate and Large-farm Occupancy in
Scotland. Husbandry in Flanders and Scotland compared.
Stall-feeding and Saving of Manure in Flanders. Small-estate
Husbandry compared with Large-farm Husbandry. Scotch
Farming and Improvements. Their Effects on the Condition of
the People of Scotland. Introduction of the Scotch System of
Farming into Ireland. Theory and Results of the Scotch System
of Farming examined. Small Peasant-proprietors and Peasant-
tenants. Their Husbandry and social Condition compared.
Economy of Labour, the Basis of Scotch Farming
18
Notes on the Theory of Population and Food increasing in different
Ratios. The relative Increase of Population and Food stated
differently. Land to produce Food artificially, not naturally,
scarce for the Subsistence of its Population. Over-population
only relative to Under-production from conventional Causes.
On the Over-population of Ireland. On the Size of Farms in
Ireland. On the Impracticability of converting the small Irish
Farms into Farms of a Size for Scotch farming. On the Reme-
dies proposed for the Over-population of Ireland. On Fisheries.
On Factories. On Emigration
Page 41
CHAP. IV.
Notes on Emigration. Emigration by Sea no Remedy for Over-
population. Emigration of small Capitalists no Relief to the
Country. Expense and Inefficiency of Emigration at the public
Expense. Its Injustice. Reasons why a poor Man should not
emigrate why a Man with a little saved Capital should not
emigrate. The English too co-operative, and too far advanced
in Civilisation, to emigrate with advantage. Emigration from
Germany. Letters of Expatriation - 55
CHAP. V.
Notes on the Causes of the Division and Subdivision of tenant
Occupancies in Ireland-Want of Property - Want of Employ-
ment-strong family Affection. Why the same Causes do not
produce the same Effects in other Countries. Want of the Sense
of Property among small Cotter-tenants. Strong Sense of Pro-
perty among small Peasant-proprietors. The divisive Element
only at work, the aggregative Element dormant in the social
State of Ireland. The Manners, Way of Living, Costume of
Peasant-proprietors conservative. Well-being in this social
State. Intellectual and moral Condition of this Class. National
Wealth and national Well-being not always the same. Advan-
tages of the small-estate Occupancy. Which of the two social
States is preferable. Importance of the Question. Duty of the
Traveller to state both Sides of it impartially - 79
Notes on the Disadvantages of the small-estate Occupancy of the
Land of a Country. It is a stationary, not a progressive social
State. Want of co-operative Industry. Want of Means to
cultivate the Tastes of a higher Civilisation. The small Estates
not always divided, but generally burdened with Payments to
Coheirs by the equal Division of Land among the Children.
Want of a Middle Class between the governed and the governing
in this social State. The Equality of Condition in it not favour-
able to Liberty. Want of Demand for, and the Means to pur-
chase, the Objects of peaceful Industry. Want of any increasing
Employment for the increasing Population in each Generation.
The Youth necessarily thrown for Employment into military
Service Effects of this war Element in different Countries and
different Ages. The History and Economy of this social State
adverse to the Views of the Peace Congress. The true Balance
between the old and new social State of Europe not to be found
in this Generation
- Page 93
CHAP. VII.
Notes on the Loire-on the Change in the French Character from
Gaiety to Seriousness on the Want of Self-government. Ex-
travagant Scale of all public Works from this Want of Control.
Centralisation and Non-centralisation illustrated in the Roads of
France and of England. The Taste for Display in the French
Character. Difference of the Objects on which Income is ex-
pended in England and in France. Social Effects of the different
Expenditure of equal Incomes by the French and English Family.
The civilising Influence of the Diffusion of the Useful Arts
greater than of the Fine Arts. On the Effects of government
Interference with manufacturing Industry. Encouragement by
the continental Governments of the Manufacture of Earthen-
ware- the Effects. French Carts. Ploughs of different
Countries. Working Cows and Heifers. Spade-work compared
with Plough-work. Vine-culture. Touraine interesting to
English Travellers Houses - Manner of Living - Historical
Connection with England
- 112
--
Notes on Land and Population on the Continent and in England.
A Reserve of Land in England to meet an Increase of Popula-
tion none on the Continent
On
probable Consequences.
the Abolition of the Corn Laws as a conservative Measure for
the English Landed Interest. Rents in Kind. High Farming
not judicious with low Prices and Money Rents. On Measures
resorted to in former Times for limiting the Increase of Popula-
tion to the Amount of Employment. Every Country has its own
Political Economy suited to its physical Circumstances. Guilds
or Incorporations of Trades.-Is Labour a Property? Socialism
is a Revival of the Principle of the Guilds of the Middle Ages
the Principle and Results the same
Page 147
CHAP. IX.
Fall of
Notes on a Middle Class between the Government and the People.
On the Reform of the Distribution of Land in Prussia.
the Feudal Aristocracy. Establishment of Functionarism as the
third Element in the social Body. Spirit of Functionarism
Dangerous to the Monarch and the People.
inflicted in Hanover in 1818. Functionarism in Norway - in
the United States. Effects of the Functionary System on In-
dustry on Education
Case of Torture
173
CHAP. X.
Notes on the German Students, or Burschenschaft. Numbers at
the Prussian and Scotch Universities compared. Educational
System of the German and Scotch Universities different in its
Object and Results from that of the English. Why the German
Students are considered dangerous to the established Govern-
ments.
The Restrictions on the Freedom of teaching throw
public Opinion and social Action into the Hands of the Profes-
sors at the Universities. The War with Denmark was produced
by this social Power
- 204
Notes on the Landwehr System. An ancient Establishment —
revived after the Peace of Tilsit in 1807 by Prussia-its Effi-
ciency proved in 1813, 1814-its present Organisation - not
suitable to Times of Peace. Oppressive and demoralising Effects
of the Landwehr Service on the People. Landwehr and a Stand-
ing Army compared. Effects of the three new Elements in the
social Condition of the Continent. The Distribution of Land
Functionarism and Landwehr Service considered. Notes on the
public Buildings and Fortifications on the Continent. On Penal
Labour on Fortifications. On the Abolition of Capital Punish-
ment why it cannot be abolished in our penal Code. On the
Want of Self-respect in the continental Character-Notions of
Liberty. Form of a Constitutional Government without the
Reality of Freedom
Page 228
CHAP. XII.
Notes on the Town and Country Populations abroad and in
England. On the Vice and Profligacy of London compared to
other Capitals. Prostitution in London-in Paris. Moral
Condition of the London Population. Habits, Character, and
social State of the English and Scotch compared. Moral Tie in
England between Landlord and Tenant. On the comparative
Well-being of the Working Man on the Continent and in
England. On the Burdens on the Continental Working Man.
Military Service. Direct Taxes. Kopfsteuer or Poll-tax.
Gewerbsteuer or Trade Tax. Class-tax in Prussia, Hanover,
etc. Direct and indirect Taxes compared. Injustice of direct
Taxation as a Substitute for indirect Taxes. Higher Well-being
of the English Working Class. Advantage of the Continental
Working Class in the easier Acquisition of Land - - 273
CHAP. XIII.
Notes on the Indications in Foreign and British Towns of a read-
ing Public. Printing and Bookselling Establishments in Berlin
and Edinburgh. Newspapers, Periodicals, Sects, Meeting-houses
indicate a higher intellectual Condition of our Population. On