really fashionable society of Pittsburgh. But it being known that they had money, they were really somewhat taken up by a certain class of pretenders, who had so little taste as to visit and invite them. There was much vulgar ostentation in their establishment, checkered with an equal portion of meanness; the ostentation being in a great display of finery and show, the meanness in a scanty allowance of comforts, as is generally the case with low-minded people, whether they have been accustomed to money or not. After a short trial of his new home, Hugh Pettigrew protested that he hated it quite as much as his old one, and more too. So he insisted on being furnished with ample funds to give him a start down the river and enable him to seek his fortune in the west. He is still seeking it. Hugh having departed, Mrs. Pettigrew impressed on her other children that she should now be quite happy if it was not for Timothy; and the children grew every day more ashamed of "their pappy," believing that SONNET. BY CALDER CAMPBELL. Between the sun and shower that made to-day An April of the autumn, I would have A garden-terrace, where a colonnade Books, music, paintings, for the showery time; Thro' each expanse of garden or of glade, We'd glean fair thoughts in which to bathe the mind As maids in May-dew hope fresh charms to find! FOR ME. nothing in the world could make a gentleman THE WORLD WEARS OLD AND GREY of him. Even the youngest (for whom a nursemaid was now engaged) soon learnt to be " thankless child." a The former occupant of their mansion had a great taste for fowls. This being his hobby, he had converted the garden-ground into a poultryyard, and erected in it a capacious one-story frame structure, for their shelter at night and in bad weather. This building was now empty, and Mrs. Pettigrew (suddenly taken with a bright thought) fixed on it as an excellent place for stowing away her husband, and keeping him out of sight. To be sure the edifice, though large for poultry, was small for people. But to make it rather habitable, the nests were cleared away, and the roosts taken down, and the latticed window was glazed, and a little close stove was put up. Furnished with a settee and a table, and being allowed the newspaper to read, with occasionally a cheap book, and also the privilege of whittling as many sticks as he pleased, our hero was content (or, rather, had to be) to pass his days in the chicken-house, "the world forgetting, by the world forgot." And when he went out for exercise, he was enjoined to observe carefully the condition of walking only in the by-streets, that he might be seen as little as possible. The chicken-house, however, was dignified by another name; and when visitors inquired for him (which they seldom did), Mrs. Pettigrew informed them that he spent most of his time in his "office." And there we will leave Timothy Pettigrew's wife's husband. BY ROBERT H. BROWN, ESQ. The world wears old and grey for me; Well I remember its old look, And Hope shone bright as sun-lit brook; The spring-time passed with mirth and song, My heart responded to the glee; But anxious thought makes time seem longThe world wears old and grey for me. I never thought earth fairy land, Had flattered well Youth's early dream; Though Nature still with truth displays The pleasant scenes of vanished hours, They now seem lit by colder rays, And garnished by less fragrant flowers; While other hearts to mirth give ear, And joy those verdant spots to see, I look and listen-all is drear; I would not mock the better fate And feel, alas! all feeling dead So old the world has grown for me! HISTORY OF THE INCAS OF PERU. BY W. B. (Concluded from page 99.) Capac Yupanqui, ere he set out on the conwas Coya Chichia. He governed with justice quest of new countries, built a swinging-bridge, and clemency. He visited his empire several also, over the Apurimac; and then crossed it, with times, and erected palaces and temples wherever 20,000 followers. Many new nations acknow- he went. He sent an army of 20,000 men beledged him as their sovereign; and on this ex-yond Arequipa, which tract of country was subpedition, rich mines of gold and silver were dis- dued. His eldest son, Viracocha, gave him covered. He returned to Cuzco, in great triumph, much uneasiness on account of his bad conduct, and was idolised by his people. For four years for which he was disinherited and exiled by he remained in his capital; but to keep up the his father-another son being elevated to the military spirit of his chiefs, he sent them to the hereditary dignity. Viracocha, having passed Quechua country, the nation of which became three years in banishment, returned alone to his subjects. He headed an expedition of Cuzco, when he told his father that a greater 20,000 men, leaving, as his representative in Inca than himself had sent him, and spoke as Cuzco, his brother, Anqui Titu; but took with follows:him his eldest son, so as to instruct him in warlike affairs. Returning to Cuzco, he constructed a bridge near to the Lake of Titicaca, which gave him the means of entering into the country of the Chayanta and other Indians, whom he conquered. The arts progressed under this Inca, and some improvement was made in navigating the lakes, rivers, and sea-coast by means of balzas (or floats), made of wood or reeds. He beautified his capital, enriched the temples, and failed not to continue the construction of good roads. Some of his conquests extended even to the shores of the Pacific. The great feast of Rymi (in the month of June) to the sun he first celebrated, with great pomp and rejoicings. From the amautas, another class, called the argururs (or prophets), appear to have sprung; who had great influence in subsequent reigns. It was under this Inca that the beautiful temple to the sun, on an island on the Lake of Titicaca, was built; having as many as 500 virgins to assist in its ceremonies. Capac Yupanqui reigned sixty years, leaving his empire to his son, the VI. ÎNCA, ROCA; whose wife was Coya Micay. This Inca, like the previous ones, after paying due attention to the funeral obsequies of his father, visited his empire. He subsequently ordered a bridge to be thrown over the Apurimac river; and, with an army, went to subdue barbarous nations, in which he was successful. His latter days were occupied in improving the condition of his people; and he placed the formation and direction of schools under the superintendence of the amautas. He left his empire to his son, the VII. INCA, YUHUAR HUACAC.* His queen "Know then, my father, that when tending my flocks of llamas, in the pasturages of Chita, a man appeared to me, habited in a strange manner; his robes reached unto his feet, and his beard was long. He said :- Nephew, I am a child of the sun, and brother to Manco Capac and Oello Vaco his wife, who was my sister, the first parents of thy race. I am called Viracocha Inca, and have come to tell you, so that you may inform your parent, that the provinces of Chinchasuya and others have revolted against his power; they have taken up arms, the object of which is to drive him from his throne and destroy his empire. Go, find the Inca, and tell him to prepare himself to meet this evil. With regard to thyself, I will protect thee! Fear not to undertake any great enter prize, seeing that it is worthy of thy race! The Inca then disappeared, and I have come hither to inform thee." The Inca considered this the invention of his disobedient son, and ordered him back into exile. His family, however, chiefs and priests, gave it as their opinion that Viracocha ought to be credited, and replaced as heir to the empire; but to this the Inca would not accede. Some months afterwards, a rebellion broke out in the provinces, as had been foretold by Viracocha, the revolted subjects slaying the chiefs and governors, and even came before Cuzco besieging it. The Inca fled from his capital. This, on becoming known to the exiled prince, he immediately joined his father; when they collected their forces, and returned to the capital, Viracocha giving battle to his father's enemies. He was successful; and left of the revolted subjects (so historians mention) 30,000 on the plain of Yuhuar Pampa (or field of blood). Viracocha, perceiving that his parent was incapable of conducting the affairs of his kingdom, obliged him to abdicate, and in his favour, build ing for his father a place at Muyna, not far from ' pear not to have been the barbarous people the Cuzco. VIII. INCA, VIRACOCHA. His wife was Coya Runta. This Inca was held in great veneration, the more so as he had been so victorious; and his subjects believed that his acts partook of inspiration from the sun, his spiritual father. Viracocha built a temple in honour of the "phantom Inca," at Cacha, sixteen leagues from Cuzco, where he had appeared to him. He visited his empire, made great conquests, built cities and temples, cut canals, and made roads; and such was the increasing population of the conntry, that they had to cultivate their lands with greater care and assiduity. The public tribute of the productions of the earth was placed in granaries; hospitals, tambos (or caravanseries) were built on the public roads; the lands were equally divided annually; large quantities of gold and silver were extracted from the mines, the precious metals being only used as ornaments, and strings of capsicum (if such can be called a monetary medium), were in use in their markets. There were menageries of wild animals at Cuzco; and there were artists who made figures of such, in gold, silver, and clay. The palace of the Inca, at Cuzco, was large, and had a corresponding number of officers and servants; and on feast-days, 3,000 to 4,000 people could be accommodated. The chase was a favourite pastime. There was an arrangement of chasquis (or couriers) on foot; by which means there was a rapid transmission of orders and news throughout the kingdom: even the Inca's table could be supplied with fresh fish, from the coast, although the distance was very considerable. Viracocha reigned fifty years, leaving his empire to his son, Pachacutec. It is mentioned by some authors, that Viracocha abdicated in favour of his son, IX. INCA, PACHACUTEC. His wife was the Coya Anarvarqui. Like unto the previous Incas, he travelled over his empire; and, fearing that a long period of inaction would enervate his armies, he gave the chief command to his brother, Capac Yupanki; who was victorious in his expeditions. The country of Cajamarca was now reduced to the Inca's sway, as well as that of the Chimu and Yungas, in the north; the latter, however, cost much loss of life and time: and they ap * Viracocha appears to mean "a fair complexioned man." The Peruvian Indians of the present day call Europeans viracochas; or, “those from over the great waters." It is asserted of this Inca, that he foretold the coming of the Spaniards, and that they would destroy the empire. armies of the Incas had hitherto to do with. The Peruvians, having become a military people, distinguished their bravest chiefs with the title of huaraca—which approaches to knight of our times. Pachacutec reigned fifty or sixty years; his empire descending to his son, the Inca Yupanqui. Acosta mentions that Pachacutec was dethroned by his subjects, they electing his brother, Yupanki, in his stead. X. INCA, YUPANKI. His queen was Coya Chimpu Ocallo. This Inca, having traversed his empire, took an army across the Andes; and was successful in bringing many nations under his control. He also marched south, towards Chili. Skirting the base of the Andes, he arrived at the valley of Copiapo. Journeying onward, through Guasco and Coquimbo, the Peruvian army reached the beauteous plains of Maipu, where now stands the opulent city of Santiago de Chili; from here the Inca marched, with 20,000 men, into the country of the Purumaucas and Araucanos, with whom terrible battles were fought; and, after several years of wars in this direction, the Peruvian empire was bounded on the south by the river Maule, in Chili. The Inca, having returned from his extended conquests, occupied his latter years in the erection of a large fortress at Cuzeo, surmounted by several towers, and protected by a triple enclosure of strong stone-walls-the style of building of which was much admired by the Spanish conquerors. This Inca was succeeded by his son, the XI. INCA, TUPAC YUPANKI, continued his wars of conquest, subjugating the large country of Quito; which was soon under the command of his son, Huayna Capac, who succeeded him as the XII. INCA, HUAYNA CAPAC, who had four wives: 1. Pileu Vaco (from whom he separated, she having no children); 2. Rava Ocallo (the mother of Huasca); 3. Runta (his cousin), and 4. Totopulla (the mother of Atta-Hualpa). Huayna had other sons; one of these, named Hualpa Inca, was the grandfather of Garcilloso, the historian. This Inca was much beloved by his people. It was on the birth of Huasca, that his father commanded a chain of gold to be made, to go round the public square of Cuzco, which was 200 paces by 50, and nearly an inch in thickness. This was secreted by the Indians, at the period of the conquest, and has not been found hitherto. This Inca pursued his conquests towards the coast of Tumbez, and from thence to Quito, where he became enamoured of Totopalla, the daughter of the principal chief of that country, who was the mother of Atta-Hualpa. His wars * Acosta says that he resigned his empire to his son, the Inca Topa, who was the father of Huayna Сарас. must have been very sanguinary in this quarter, | of Peru, is denominated as the last of the legitifor he had to renew his army several times. The inhabitants of the island of Puna killed some of his chiefs, for which he punished them severely; but at the rebellion of the Chachapuyas, he forgave and treated them with generosity. After many victories he returned to Cuzco, to celebrate the feast of Rymi; after which he proceeded to Carangas, to punish his mutinous subjects there; and again went to Quito, where Totopulla, and his son AttaHualpa, lived. The Inca sent for his son Huasca, informing him that Quito should remain as a separate kingdom, to be governed by Atta-Hualpa. Huasca then returned to Cuzco. Huayna Capac, being at his palace at Tumipampa, received, for the first time, information of strangers having arrived on his northern coasts. This was about 1515; two years after the discovery of the Pacific, by Balboa. This Inca reigned forty-two years, and his last days were passed at Quito. His death was caused from bathing when overheated, which produced a fatal fever. His heart was deposited in Quito, and his body sent to Cuzco. After his death, Atta-Hualpa became Lord of Quito, and Huasca the mate Incas, by the Peruvians.* AURORA. (A Sonnet.) BY MRS. CHARLES ROWLAND DICKEN. My thoughts on rose-tipped clouds will gladly sail, Of fleecy clouds, bursts forth in dazzling light: it MODE OF PRESERVING YEAST ON A LONG XIII. INCA OF PERU, he being then at the VOYAGE. I would recommend any one who is age of twenty-five years. There are several going for a voyage to take some yeast with him; versions as to the cause of the war between the may be taken easily in the following way, the receipt brothers; but the generally received one is, for which was given me by a knowing old steward, that Huasca became jealous of Atta-Hualpa, and and may be useful to travellers:-Take some clean demanded that he should give Quito up to him, new flannel, well washed, cut in strips two or three and repair to his capital and do him homage. inches in width; then with a painter's clean brush Atta-Hualpa refused to consent to the former paint over the flannel on both sides with thick yeast, part of the proposal, but agreed to the latter. three or four coats, hang it up to dry, and then roll In consequence of this dispute, both parties had it recourse to arms; which ended in Atta-Hualpa being made prisoner. He, however, made his escape to Quito, and with a large force attacked Huasca, and made him prisoner, constituting himself the XIV. INCA, and retaining his original name of Atta-Hualpa; but called by Huasca's followers, "the bastard." Things were in this position when Pizarro entered Peru. He was first solicited by the captive Huasca to assist him in recovering his throne, and then by AttaHualpa, who desired his alliance and friendship. When Atta-Hualpa was informed of Huasca's proceeding with Pizarro, he had him put to death, which took place in 1528. Pizarro reached Cajamarca, where he made Atta-Hualpa his prisoner, and had him strangled, in 1533. The conqueror of Peru married either a sister or daughter of Atta-Hualpa, who was christianized, and called "Angelina;" by whom he had several children. XV. INCA, MANCO CAPAC II. This Inca was a younger son of Huayna Capac, and was killed in battle by the Spaniards. XVI. INCA, TOPARPA, a son of Atta-Hualpa's, was recognized by Pizarro as the legitimate Inca; but who died a very short time afterwards, on his journey with Pizarro from Cajamarca to Cuzco. Generally speaking, Huasca, the XIIIth Ruler up and pack it in small tin boxes; when yeast is in warm water, the barm will very soon leave the wanted, cut off a few inches of this flannel, soak it flannel and mix with the water, which may then be stirred up in the flour: by this means yeast may be taken in good condition round the world.-From Recollections of a Ramble from Sydney to Southampton. CHAP. I. BY MRS. NEWTON "While youth's keen light is in thine eye, S. R. Geraldine Harmer was an only child, and had been petted, caressed, beloved-indulged if you will, and what the world calls "spoiled," from infancy. But there is a wiser and better creed than that of the world in general; and it is, that no human being can be spoiled by the government of kindness and affection, be they ever so lavish and warm. One thing, however, it does; just as sunshine develops the colour of flowers and leaves which would have been pale and sickly in the shade, it draws out the deep hues and lines of character; and it may be that the selfishness of the selfish becomes more apparent when such a nature is the recipient of life's choicest blessings. But who can think of the myriad hearts in which the noblest qualities, the purest aspirations, and even the most worldenriching talents lie buried like seeds in an Egyptian tomb for want of the light and then the affections alone can bestow and yet grieve for their rays shining-even though they chance to fall sometimes on unworthy objects! Beautiful as was Geraldine's developed character, I believe her to have been only an average type of her sex, if its early influences were more commonly as favourable. With all the softness and tenderness which belong of right to a woman, she possessed that moral bravery which is sure to be extinguished by a discipline of fear, and which for this reason is one of the rarest attributes of character. For my own part, I never hear a harsh word spoken to a child without trembling for the consequences, without dreading that the bloom of perfect and proud integrity may at that moment be brushed away, and the first thoughts of deceit be fanned into being. Geraldine was about seventeen when she lost her mother; and henceforth home-love seemed centred in her remaining parent. Friends may be very dear, acquaintances pleasant and instructive companions; but it is round our very hearth, under the roof where we rest, and in the daily, hourly intercourse of life, that the heart must either be satisfied or not; and human happiness, or a blank where it should be, exist. Blessed Geraldine! still, still for her was home affection. Even grief for the dead, deep, intense as it was, had a gleam of light about it that was not borrowed from sorrow; like the dark clouds CROSLAND. that we often see tinged with a golden sunshine. Every memory of her mother was sweet and sacred-of peace and of gladness. It was at this period that Mr. Harmer changed his residence from an inland town to the coast of Devon. Perhaps local associations have more influence upon us than we are always ready to admit. Geraldine's childhood had been passed amid the soft rich scenery of the heart of England, where meadows show their brightest, deepest green, and the affluent earth is most lavish of its treasures; where blooming orchards look like the flower gardens of some gigantic world, and the ripening corn sways heavily in the breeze, drooping beneath the weight of its growing wealth; where the sunny hills and the fertile valleys and the gentle streams look up to a changeful sky-to them most benignant-with a fond and grateful smile! The scene had surely been in unison with her own happy, joyous, careless childhood. Life is broken up into the epochs that emotions make, far more vividly than by the lines of outward actions or events; though often enough they mould, or melt into, one another. The death of her mother was Geraldine's first sorrow, speedily followed by the change to a sea-side residence; and this-the perpetual presence of the wide horizon, the changeful, restless, slumbering, treacherous ocean, was beautifully appropriate to the new life which was dawning upon her. That one sorrow had opened the dark door through which so much knowledge steals into the heart; that knowledge taught by suffering, which is the balance in the scale, and forbids even hope to soar too high. Yet she was at the age when, despite all the world can do, life will ever wear a new and bright aspect, if not the brightest Fate has in store. And as Geraldine sat on the sea-shore, watching the glancing waves that broke at her feet, her musings took that tinge of poetry of which few natures are quite incapable. Sometimes it seemed as if each wave had a story it refused to tell-a tale from the distant climes, whence it had toiled on some strange mysterious mission; or as she marked the gently rising tide, obedient to the mistress of the waters, who beckoned from her starry court, her soul seemed lifted by that worship of nature, most reverent as it was, till she saw or created a thousand vague yet beautiful types. It must not be supposed, however, that Geraldine Harmer's life was that of a recluse, or that she grew to be a mere visionary; far otherwise; for the next six or seven years she mixed a good deal in society, and paid at least one visit in the year to the metropolis. Observation confirmed or contradicted the theories of her young mind; and in her father's constant society |