During a series of years he was engaged in constant warfare, which afforded him opportunities of training the Swedes, and forming those intrepid commanders and formidable battalions, which long kept Europe in alarm. At length, in 1629, Gustavus gloriously terminated the war with Poland, and obtained large cessions of territory. He did not, however, long enjoy the fruits of his victories in peace. The resentment which he felt against the emperor, and his ambition to curb the power of the house of Austria, determined him to march an army of sixty thousand men into Germany, in 1630. He reduced Frankfort on the Oder, and various other places, and compelled the elector of Bradenburgh to unite his troops with the Swedish battalions. He then invaded Saxony. In 1631, the imperialists awaited Gustavus at Leipzig, with an army of 40,000 men. The Swedish monarch led his troops to the attack, and, after an obstinate conflict, obtained a decisive victory. He then penetrated into Bavaria, and levied contributions on the opulent districts of Germany. The battle of Lutzen ensued, in 1633, on the fate of which contest, that of Europe appeared to depend. The Swedish infantry performed prodigies of valor, broke the line of the imperialists, and seized their cannon. Victory had already declared for the Swedes, when Gustavus was found stretched among the slain. His death plunged Sweden into the greatest affliction, but his triumphant bands for a time supported her military reputation.

GUSTAVUS III, king of Sweden, the eldest son of Adolphus Frederic, duke of HolsteinGottorp, was born in 1746, and succeeded to the throne on his father's death, February 12th, 1771. The country, which was convulsed throughout, was tranquillized by the prudent measures of Gustavus, who was wise, firm, and accomplished, although fond of pleasure, and ambitious. He determined to take part against the French revolutionists, and thereby gave very general dissatisfaction. A conspiracy was formed against him; the most prominent members being the counts Horn, Ribbing, and Ankarstrom, and he was shot by the latter at a masquerade at Stockholm, March 15, 1792.

GWINNETT, Burton, an Englishman, born in 1732, emigrated to Charleston (S. C.), in 1770, and was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. He settled in Georgia, where he took an active share in the affairs of the revolution; and was subsequently chosen a member of the convention assembled for the purpose of framing a state constitution. He

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died of wounds received in a duel with General McIntosh, May 27, 1777, in the 45th year of his age.

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HAARLEM or Haerlem, a large city of the Netherlands, on the river Spaaren, about three miles from the sea. It contains many fine public edifices, and some scientific institutions. It is a thriving place, and has 22,000 inhabitants. HABAKKUK, a Jewish prophet, who flourished about 600, B. C.

HEMUS, the ancient name of the range of mountains in Turkey, now called the Balkan. HAGAR, an Egyptian slave of Abraham, and the mother of Ishmael. (For her history, vide Genesis.)

HAINAUT, or Hainault, a province of the Netherlands, containing 574,800 inhabitants, and 1683 square miles. Its soil is fruitful, and its minerals valuable and abundant.

HALE, Nathan, a Captain in the American revolutionary army, born in Coventry, Connecticut, and graduated at Yale College in 1773. After the retreat from Long Island, he examined the British camp in disguise, but was apprehended, tried, condemned, and executed with circumstances of peculiar barbarity. (For an account of his last moments, see article Andre.)

HALICARNASSUS, the capital of Caria, in Asia Minor, now called Bodrun, or Budron. It was here that queen Artemisia erected the famous Mausoleum to the memory of her deceased husband Mausolus.

HALIFAX, the capital city of Nova Scotia, on Chebucto Bay. Its fine harbor is one of the best in America. Population 16,000. It was first settled by an English colony, in 1749.

HALL, Lyman, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, was born in Connecticut, in 1731, and studied medicine. He removed, however, to Georgia, where he practised his profession until the breaking out of the revolution induced him to devote his property and person to the service of his country, and, in 1775, he was chosen a delegate to the genral Congress, then assembled in Philadelphia. In 1782, he was chosen governor of the State of Georgia, but, died in retirement in the 60th year of his age.

HALLE, à Prussian city, in the province of Saxony, on the right bank of the Sale, containing 23,873 inhabitants. Its university ranks deservedly very high. It was the scene of an

HAM obstinate conflict, on the 17th of October, 1806, three days after the battle of Jena.

HALLOWELL, a post-town in Kennebec county, Maine, situated forty-five miles from the mouth of the river Kennebec, 54 miles N. N. E. of Portland. It is a flourishing place, and contained, in 1840, 4,625 inhabitants. HAMBURG, a free city of Germany, situated on the Elbe, about 80 miles from its mouth. containing 122,000 inhabitants. It was founded in the reign of Charlemagne, and was originally a fort called Hammenburg. In 1618, it was admitted into the number of imperial towns, subject to the counts of Holstein. In 1768, however, the subjection was annulled, and Hamburg was confirmed into an independent city. In 1807, it was taken possession of by a large French garrison, and Bonaparte seized a part of its public funds. In 1810, it was incorporated into the French empire; and in 1813, a memorable but unsuccessful effort was made to shake off the French yoke. A contribution of $9,000,000 was then levied upon it, and the most positive orders were given to defend it, at whatever sacrifice, against the allies. This led to incalculable distress, to the destruction of the houses on the ramparts, to the seizure of considerable merchandise; and, finally, of the bank funds by Davoust. At last, the city was evacuated in May, 1814, and part of the bank funds have been restored by the Bourbons.

HAMILTON, Elizabeth, a lady of fine literary talent, born at Belfast, in Ireland, July 25, 1758, died July 23, 1816. During a residence in Scotland, she acquired that knowledge of the national peculiarities of the Scotch, which she has so happily displayed in her Cottagers of Glenburnie. She published several other works, principally on the subject of education.

HAMILTON, Alexander, was born in the island of Nevis, in 1757. At the age of sixteen, he entered Columbia college, New York, in which institution he greatly distinguished himself. At the age of seventeen, he published political essays in favor of the colonial cause, so powerful and brilliant, that they were at first attributed to Mr. Jay, then in the prine of life. At nineteen, eager to peril his life in the cause of his beloved country, Hamilton entered the army; he soon rose to the rank of captain of artillery, and Washington appointed him his aid-de-camp with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, when he was but twenty years of age. At the siege of Yorktown, he was in the hottest of the fire, and headed an assault which carried one of the enemies outworks. After the war, he

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commenced the study of the law in New York, and was speedily admitted to practice. In 1783, he was chosen member of Congress, and distinguished himself by his ability, unwearied industry, and patriotism. After having been chosen to a seat in the Legislature of New York, he became a member of the convention, which met at Philadelphia for the purpose of framing the federal constitution. The essays which he published under the title of the Federalist, contributed more than any thing else to render the constitution popular. As secretary of the treasury, to which office he was appointed in 1789, he gained the reputation of one of the greatest financiers of the age In 1795, he retired into private life, but in 1798, as inspector general, he organized the army intended to repel the threatened invasion of the French, and in 1799, on the death of Washington, he succeeded to the chief command.

On June 11th, 1804, in consequence of a dispute between Colonel Burr and General Hamilton, the parties met at Hoboken, and Hamilton was killed by the first shot, standing on the fatal spot where his eldest son had recently been killed in a similar rencounter.

HAMPDEN, or Hamden, John, a celebrated English patriot, was born in London, in 1594. He obtained a seat in the second parliament of Charles I, and in the year 1636, his resistance to the payment of the tax, called ship money, drew upon him the eyes of all men, and he became the champion of the disaffected. He was one of the first to take up arms against the king; and it is not a little remarkable, that he fell in the very same field where he mustered the militia, near Brill, in Buckinghamshire, June 18, 1643. Lord Clarendon's character of him is that which Sallust gave of Catiline: "He had a head to contrive, a tongue to persuade, and a hand to execute any mischief." But this opinion is that of a firm supporter of legitimate abuses, for Hampden appeared to have been influenced throughout his career by purely patriotic principles.

HANAU, a province of Hesse-Cassel, the capital of which, Hanau, on the Kinzig, contains 9.700 inhabitants. In 1792, Hanau was attacked, but not occupied, by the French, but, at the end of October, 1813, an Austrian and Bavarian corps opposed here the great army of the French, in their retreat from Leipsig a sanguinary conflict took place in which the Bavarians were defeated, and the flying army effected its retreat.

HANCOCK, John, was born at Quincy, in

Massachusetts. Having lost his parents early, he was sent to Harvard College, where he graduated in 1754, by his uncle, a rich and benevolent merchant, to whose wealth and business he succeeded in 1764. After the battle of Lexington, when pardon was offered to the rebels, in case of submission to the royal authority, Hancock and Adams were the only Americans excepted by Gage from the offer of mercy. After having been president of the provincial Congress of Massachusetts, Hancock was sent to the general Congress at Philadelphia, in 1775, and filled the presidential chair of that body until 1779, when sickness compelled him to relinquish it. He was annually chosen governor of Massachusetts, from 1780 till 1785. In 1787, he was re-elected, and filled the post until his death in 1793, at the age of 56 years.

HANDEL or Haendel, George Frederic, a native of Saxony, born February 24, 1684. He early determined to cultivate his talents for music, and he produced his earliest operas at Hamburg. In 1710, he visited England, and his fame and fortune were there established. In 1741, he brought out his master-piece, the Oratorio of the Messiah. Towards the latter part of his life, he was affected with total blindness, and he died, April 6, 1759, leaving a for tune of £20,000. His appetites were coarse, his person ungainly, and his temper violent, although an external roughness was compensated by a humane and generous heart.

The following anecdote strikingly illustrates his manners, and his peculiar humor. Dr. Greene, a personal friend, as well as a warın admirer of Handel, brought to the great German an anthem of his own composition, requesting the favor of his opinion and remarks upon it. Handel readily received the production, promised to examine it immediately, and invited the doctor to breakfast with him the next day. Dr. Greene accordingly waited on the illustrious musician. Handel, who had inspected the composition, received him with cordiality, gave him an elegant breakfast, treated him with every politeness, but constantly continued to evade his visiter's questions respecting his opinion of the anthem. Greene, at length, too impatient to wait any longer for the great composer's decision on the merits of his piece, exclaimed vehemently, "My dearest friend, keep me no longer in suspense-tell me, I pray you-tell me what do you think of my anthem?" Handel, who had found it scientifically written, but very deficient in melody, answered, "Oh, it is ver fine, my dear doctor, ver fine indeed,

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only it do vant air, and so I flung it out of de vindow."

HANNIBAL, or Annibal, son of Hamilcar Barcas, born B. C. 247, was a celebrated Carthaginian general. He was educated in his father's camp, and inured from his early years to the labors of the field, having passed into Spain when nine years old; at the request of his father he took an oath of eternal enmity to the Romans. After his father's death, he had the command of the cavalry in Spain, and some time after, upon the death of Asdrubal, he was invested with the command of all the armies of Carthage, though not yet in the twenty-fifth year of his age. In three years of continual success, he subdued all the nations of Spain, which opposed the Carthaginian power, and took Saguntum after a siege of eight months. This city was in alliance with Rome and its fall was the cause of the second Punic war, which Hannibal prepared to support with all the courage and prudence of a finished general. The army with which he entered Italy amounted, by the largest computation, to 100,000 foot, and 20,000 horse. With this overwhelming force he passed the Alps, conquered his opponents, crossed the Appenines, invaded Etruria defeated Flaminius at the lake Thrasymene, and Caius Terentius and L. Æmilius in the fatal battle of Cannæ.

Had Hannibal, immediately after this battle, marched his army to the gates of Rome, it must have yielded amidst the general consternation, but his delay continued so long that the Romans recovered their hopes, and, when he finally approached the walls, he was informed that the piece of ground on which his army then stood, was being sold at a high price in the Roman forum. He then, after some time, retired to Capua, the luxuries of which enervated his troops, and unfitted them for action; this gave rise to the saying that " Capua was a Cannæ to Hannibal." Marcellus, who succeeded the cautious Fabius in the field, first taught the Romans that Hannibal was not invincible. Scipio having passed over into Africa, the Carthaginians now recalled Hannibal to combat the adventurous Roman. After sixteen years of flattering triumph, the Carthaginian general left Italy, met Scipio at Zama, was defeated, and fled to Adrumetum. The Carthaginians procured peace on favorable terms, and Hannibal fled to Syria, but he was pursued from place to place by the animosity of the Romans, and at length killed himself at the court of Prusias, king of Bithynia, B. C. 183, aged 64 years.