culiar facility of removing grease, without affecting the wool, and without injuring the colours. This shrub would succeed in the southern provinces of Europe, since it is found in Cashmire, where the cold is equal to, perhaps greater than that in the south of Europe.

I do not know on the authority of what travellers it has been said, and repeated, that shawls were made of the hair of a kind of goat. I think they might as well have said they were made of stags' hairs Another notion, not less remote from truth, is, that shawls were made of the wool of abortive lambs. This barbarous idea is absurd also. The wool of such lambs is extremely short.

The superfine shawls, I must admit, are not made of the wool of sheep, how beautiful soever that may be, but of the hair of the single-humped camel of Hindoostan.— This extremely valuable material, superior to the wool of the vicuna, is equally dear in price and scarce in quantity. It is procured only from the forehead and around the ears of the camel. The beautiful shawls made of this material, besides being very dear (their ordinary price at the loom is three guineas), are very rare, and procured with difficulty. Often, even, they must be bespoke at Sicinagar, the capital of Cashmire, the only maufactory of this valuable commodity.

The most beautiful shawls, of the ordinary kind, made in Cashmire, are the white. They sell for two guineas, or thereabout. They have two long ends decorated with flowers, &c. and a border from one to two inches wide, according to the price: they are three ells and a half long, by one and a half wide. Only the commen ones are dyed, unless expressly desired; these are sold for a guinea.

The shawls made of camel's hair are described by the term cache: the white, woven of the prime wool of the sheep, are called séaume; and the others, passali.

The wools are never sold till after they have Leen cleansed, washed, and steeped in the ley made of the meal of mungo: the shepherds have assured me, that the diminution which they suffer in weight, by this operation does not exceed one fourth. The wool from the belly of the animal is never used in weaving shawls; a kind of stuff resembling camblet, is made of it, in the environs of Sicinagar. It is used in that neighbourhood, and the adjacent provinces.

seer,

The price of the wool is from 9 pence to the of 30 ounces. The 18 pence, whole is sold in the country, and made into shawls, or girdles, or borders for turbans, which the Arabs and Turks are extremely fond of. The pieces for these latter articles are but half an ell in width, but about five ells in length, and onamented with various

rich and fanciful devices.

Those pieces of Cashmire cloth which we call Casimir, are in length more than 60 ells, and are about five eights of an ell in width their price in the manufactories is not more than four or five shillings. These cloths are greatly superior to those which are made in France, or in England, though not one quarter of the price of those made in the country last named. There is also a prodigious superiority in their duration, those of This Cashmire being extremely lasting. superiority they derive intirely from the softness and length of their staple, and the manner in which they are cleaned and prepared.

STATE OF UNIVERSITIES AND OTHER ESTA
BLISHMENTS FOR INSTRUCTION ON THE
CONTINENT.

Gottingen.

In Panorama p. 599 we mentioned the favour extended by Bonaparté to the University of Gottingen: with some account of its establishments and officers. The following papers evince that equal good fortune has attended this institution amid the late changes to which the countries around it have been subjected. They were first published by M. Archenholz in the July number of his Minerva; a journal rich in interesting articles.

Address of the University of Gottingen to his Majesty the King of Prussia, &c.

Most illustrious Sovereign, &c.

The University of Gottingen through me approaches the elevated throne of your Majesty with equal confidence and veneration. In this period of general over-turning, when so ancient establishments have sunk, the many University sees the most certain assurances of its safety and preservation in its destiny being placed by Providence in your Majesty's hands. In what other hands could our security have been so complete? And to what other power could we have confided our security with such joyful hopes, as to that, which is become, for the last century, the supreme protecting power for the progress of scientific researches in Europe?

We ground these hopes on what the Prus sian throne has always acknowledged to be its original destination, but they are so much the more encouraged by what your Majesty has already done for the sciences, that we are thereby emboldened most humbly to beg of your gracious Majesty, a confirmation of the privileges of our University, and a soothing assurance of the continuance of our existence, even in this momentous period, when the high attention of your Majesty is occupied with the fate of Europe and the progress a

The University here among the many proofs of attachment and esteem, which many of its former pupils in foreign countries have manifested towards their Alma Mater, has The recently received one near home. Syndic, Danus, of this place has presented to the University Library, his rare collection of some thousands of select Juridical Dissertations, with an alphabetical catalogue; as likewise some larger juridical works, accompanied by a Congratulatory Address, on the commencement this year of the fourth century of its establishment: a praiseworthy instance of generosity, which will be especially acceptable to the faculty of Law.

their murder shall be paid, nine hundred and nine cows, with three advancements.

The lodging of the patron of the family shall be in the largest house in the town, for around him shall be the lodgings of all the family; so that they may be ready in every exigency of the king.

The domestic bard (or chief of song) and the physician, shall be in the lodging of the patron of the family.

From the bard when he obtains a chair, the judge of the court shall accept his bugle horn and his gold ring, and the cushion that is put in his chair.

The chief of song shall begin the singing in the common hall.-His land shall be free, and he shall have a horse in attendance, from the king. He shall be next but one to the patron of the family.-He shall have a harp from the king, and a gold ring from the queen, when his office is secured to him. The harp he shall never part with.

When the king has a desire for poetry, let the chief of song sing two songs, one addressed to God, the other to the chieftains.

Every chief musician is entitled to a harp from the king.

Every disciple is entitled to his gains, his principal having a third; and when the disciple shall leave him, the chief musician is obliged to give him a harp.

The chief of song is entitled to his land freely, and his place is by the side of the judge of the court.-He ought to commence singing in the praise of God, and then of the king who holds the court, or of another.None but the chief of song is entitled to ask a gift; and in dividing with his companions, two shares come to him. He claims from every minstrel on leaving off learning, twenty-four pence.

Such were the distinctions bestowed on music by the laws of Howel Dilda, 907–948. In the year 1100, Gruffydd ab Cynan, prince of Wales, summoned a grand congress of musicians; and it appears from other institutions among the musicians themselves, that they strenuously endeavoured to maintain the dignity of their order. For this purpose, they forbad a disciple from mimicking his master, or deriding him with respect to his genius and talents: also, from publickly singing a song which he might have composed, till his master had judged of its correctness.

Every one is commanded to refrain from the practices of strolling or wandring about.

In times of festivity or wakes, no one shall depart from the house he first comes into, while the banquet continues there, without the leave of his host, or an invitation from another, under the penalty of losing his circuit fees. If he should go from house to house, he must be taken up as a vagabond, his fees taken from him, and be consigned

over to the power of the church. If he should become intoxicated in the feast, he shall loose his gift; if he commits any indecency or mischievous trick where he comes to, with respect to, any woman married or single, he shall be fined, imprisoned, and divested of his circuit fees for seven years.

Disciples shall not frequent public houses, nor secret retreats, to play at dice and cards, or other game on which any stake is depending; if they do, any one has power to take from them ali that may be in their purses.

Also, they are not to learn lampoons, or scandalizing rhimes; nor to deride, mock, swear, nor pry about, nor to invent falsehood, nor to report it, under pain of fine and imprisonment.

Also, they are not to raise contention and tumult, nor to commit fraud, theft, nor waylaying; nor to keep company with thieves, or other transgressors of the law, under pain of fine and imprisonment; for men devoted to music, ought to shew themselves of amiable conversation, peaceful, obliging, humble and obedient to every subject of the king, so as to strengthen and maintain the state.

A month before every festival, the disciples must enquire of their masters to know where each intends to go, lest too many should repair to one place. No more than one shall go to a person whose income doth not exceed ten pounds; two to a person of twenty pounds, and so according to that ratio to one possessed of a greater rent.

The gift to a graduated disciple is twelve pence on each of the three great festivals.

The gift to a doctorial disciple on each of the three festivals, is three shillings and fourpence; and on every marriage solemnity, and circuit of clera every three years, twelve pence.

The gift of a master of music is the same, with superior entertainment than to a disciple. Camb. Regist. p. 395.

Poetry was of course allied to music, and we find that in the twelfth century, to a graduate disciple, for a poem, was paid three shillings and fourpence, to a doctorial disciple for a poem, six shillings and ninepence, to a doctor the same, with superior entertainment.

As we have seen that the chief of song was first to sing to God, we shall insert a specimen of the religious songs of antient time. It is the death-bed of the bard, by Meilyr, chief bard of Gruffyd ab Cynan, 1137. It may serve to shew the religious opinions which prevailed at the time, with the adaptation of bardic expressions to Christian ideas. We may have occasion to refer to it when attempting to narrate the progress of Christianity among the antient Britons, who have more traces of its early introduction among them, than are extant any where else; and notices, which are strongly corroborative of hints met with in the fathers of the Church.

The CREATOR who formed me will give me room amongst the blest community

Of the inhabitants of Enlli!

Enlli is the Welsh name for the island of Bardsey, where was formerly a religious house, where people of note desired to be buried, particularly bards.

After having sung to God, the bard was to sing in honour of his prince. We shall so far conform to the bardic regulations as to place

Behold my prince this day mounted on his cars;

Him not a lion beneath the moon

Will dare assail with couched lance, in the trying day,

Through the assault of impetuous conflict in the golden mail.

The bard insensible to beauty could be no honour to his profession. With what elegance and strength the tender passion may be delineated in the Welch language, the following effusion of sentiment may instance.

THE CHOICE.

Sung by Hywel, son of Owain, 1169.

My choice is a lady, elegant, slender, and fair,
Whose tall white form is seen through the thin

blue veil;

And my choicest faculty is to muse on superior female excellence,

When she with diffidence utters the becoming sentiment;

And my choicest participation is to become united with the maid,

And to share mutual confidence thoughts and fortune.

as

to

I choose the bright hue of the spreading wave. Thou who art the most discreet in thy country, with thy pure Welch sp ech.

Chosen by me art thou:

What am I with thee?

PROPOSITA PHILANTHROPICA
-Homo sum,

Humani nihil a me alienum puto.

ESTABLISHMENTS FOR FRENCH EMIGRANTS,
"The u tortunate are the adopted children of
the man of feeling."-PYTHAGORAS.
The Abbé Carron, junior, encouraged, pa-
tronised, and constantly assisted by the zeal
and credit of the late right reverend bishop of
Leon, whom he loved as a father, and by
whom he was cherished like a son, has had
the happiness to erect, from the beginning of
the French revolution, three several establish-
ments in favour of his unfortunate country-

men.

In the first there is an assemblage of forty old and infirm people, the generality of whom nearly approach the 80th year of their age.— The second is devoted to the sick, and contains 25 beds.-The third consists of two ac..demies for youth of both sexes.

Several of these pupils are the children of French parents, who have no other means of defraying the expences of their board, edu. cation, and cloathing, but the allowance which government makes to emigrant children. It is unnecessary to observe, how inadequate this allowance must be to answer the benevolent end for which it was granted, at a period when most of the necessaries of life bear so enormous a price.

Among the children committed to the care of the Abbé Carron, there are several entirely

How! dost hou refrain from speaking? dependant on him, whom he has to this mo

Fair is thy silence!

I have chosen a maid. so that with me there should be no hesitation :

It is right to choose the choicest fair one.

These examples of antient lyrics will meet the readers candour, as they cannot but appear to a disadvantage in the form of a literal translation, and inevitably deprived of that metrical cadence which they possess in their native tongue. The sentiment cannot appear equally powerful, when the expression is confessedly so greatly enfeebled.

The foregoing may be taken as specimens of some of the measures adopted among the Welch bards. They had, however, different modes of arranging their versification, and different measures of verse, to the number of at least twenty-four. Of these some are long lines, some short lines, some mixed short and long. The form also of the stanza varies. William Llyen, B. A. in 1560, composed an ode, in which are introduced all these twentyfour kinds of verses. We may safely pronounce it to contain more variety than any ode extant among the Greeks.

ment supported; but his friends being now at a distance, and the principal one among them, his powerful protector, his second father, his providence on earth, the Bishop of Leon, being no more, all his resources are va nished; and the only hopes that remain of being enabled to continue his assistance to the dearest part of his young flock, is that of exciting the beneficence of the friends to humanity in favour of orphans, without an asylum, who claim their care. The Abbé Carron, in contemplating the dreadful fate which threatens this precious part of his family, cannot enjoy a moment's tranquillity. Oh! may the benevolent and humane, whose aid he implores this day, adopt these unfortunate little ones, and declare themselves their protectors and fathers.

To other free schools for the poor catholie children established in England, Abbé Carron has added two, extremely numerous, at his own expence, but in which he admits none but children of Roman Catholic parents Polygon, Sommers Town.

*Vide Panorama, p. 1118, Obituary.