LESSON 18 (p. 55).—INSECT MIMICRY

(AN INSECT'S DISGUISE).

1. Helpless creatures, such as insects, often preserve themselves from destruction by pretending to be lifeless objects.

2. The caddis-worm makes a case of any material with which it may be surrounded.

3. The caddis-case has a float of wood, so that it can move on the surface of the water, as well as at the bottom, or wherever the creature needs to go in search of food.

LESSON 19 (p. 59).—ANIMAL MIMICRY
(HIDE AND SEEK).

1. Moths and butterflies often partake of the coloring of the surrounding scenery.

2. Pale-colored moths on a dark-colored soil are easily discovered by their enemies, and soon disappear by becoming an easy prey.

3. Some moths escape their foes by appearing to be nothing more than a scar on the bark of a tree; or they will hang from a branch and appear like a dead leaf.

4. Many of the smaller and more defenseless creatures are only preserved by assuming the appearance of inanimate objects.

5. Some creatures are similarly disguised so that they may creep unnoticed upon unsuspecting prey.

LESSON 20 (p. 64).—SPIDER

(THE LITTLE SPINNER AND Weaver).

1. The spider is not an insect; it has eight legs, and does not pass through several life stages to become perfect. 2. Spiders prey on insects, and are useful in a garden,

3. They spin and weave their webs from a fluid which comes from their spinnerets. Upon coming to the air this fluid hardens and a thread is formed.

LESSON 21 (p. 67).—COBWEBS.

1. Spiders foretell the weather, as they never make or mend their webs when bad weather is at hand.

2. The framework of the web is made first; the spiral thread is put round afterwards.

LESSON 23 (p. 71).—THE LOBSTER

(CREATURES WITHOUT BACK-BONES).

1. Some animals have no back-bones; as the jointed animals, the soft-bodied animals, and the rayed animals.

2. Among the jointed animals is the lobster, which has walking legs and swimming legs, but the greatest power is in its tail.

3. The lobster grows by a succession of moults, one in each year, until full size is reached.

4. The lobster is bluish-black, but turns red when boiled for food.

LESSON 24 (p. 75).—CRABS.

1. Crabs have jointed shells, which they cast off and renew every year.

2. They are ten-legged creatures. Their head and chest are all in one.

3. The crab is a sea scavenger; sometimes it plays cannibal, for it will kill and eat a neighbor crab.

4. Fishermen catch crabs in baited pots or basket traps. 5. The small hermit crab has a soft tail, which he protects in the shells of periwinkles or whelks.

LESSON 25 (p. 80). - PEARL MAKERS-PART 1.

1. The oyster is a soft-bodied animal; it has no limbs, and after the embryo stage no power of locomotion; the body is protected by two shells. The oyster is a bivalve.

2. Each shell is lined with a coat of smooth substance called mother-of-pearl or nacre; the outside of the shell is very rough.

3. The beard of the oyster, as the dark edges are called, is the gills or breathing organ.

4. Oysters feed on tiny living creatures, and vegetable

matter.

LESSON 26 (p. 83). — PEARL MAKERS - PART 2.

1. Oysters are hatched from eggs or spat cast by the parent upon the water. Young oysters fasten to weeds and stones. When a year old, oystermen take them up and replant them in beds especially prepared.

2. Young oysters are very delicate, have numerous enemies, and perish in great numbers.

3. Pearl oysters inhabit warm waters; they are sought for the nacre that lines their shells, as well as for the

gems.

4. An irritating parasite or grain of sand entering the shell of the oyster is covered with the nacreous matter in order to relieve the sufferer, and in due time becomes a pearl.

5. Pearl fisheries are carried on off the coasts of Australia, Ceylon, and China. Some beautiful and valuable pearls have come from the Gulfs of Mexico and California.

LESSON 27 (p. 89).—THE SCALE OF ANIMAL LIFE.

This Table presents a general view of a simplified Classification:

THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

SUB-KINGDOM OR DIVISION I.

Back-boned Animals, which have a skull and an internal skeleton, held together by a vertebral column or back-bone. Mammals or Sucklers, warm-blooded, and more or less covered with hair (as Man, the Quadrupeds, Whales).

Class 1.

Class 2. Birds, warm-blooded, hatched from eggs, and covered with feathers.

Class 3. Reptiles or creeping creatures, cold-blooded, produced from eggs, breathe by lungs, and sometimes covered by plates or scales (as Snakes, Crocodiles).

Class 4. Double-lived Creatures, living both on land and in water-cold-blooded, breathe by gills when young and by lungs when mature (as Frogs and Toads). Class 5. Fishes, cold-blooded, breathe by gills.

SUB-KINGDOM OR DIVISION II.

The back-boneless creatures have a nervous system which is distributed in knots all over the body; they hardly ever have red blood.

A. Jointed Animals

1. Worms, with bodies ringed, without limbs, or very simple limbs that are not jointed.

2. Centipedes have many pairs of legs, a separate head but no distinct regions; never winged.

3. Crusted Animals that are water-breathers, such as

Crabs and Lobsters.

4. Spiders, unwinged, having four pairs of legs, and two regions, the head being joined to the chest. 5. Insects, having divided bodies (head, chest and belly), and three pairs of legs. These are arranged in Orders, according to the number and form of the wings.

B. Soft-bodied Animals

Bodies are not jointed, and are more or less protected by hard shells.

Group 1. With a distinct head. Class 1 are headfooted (Cuttle-fish); Class 2 are belly-footed (Snail).

Group 2. Headless (Oyster).

C. Rayed Animals

Lowest forms of life, as these creatures have few organs, and are of simple structure (as Starfishes, Jellyfishes, and Sea Anemones).

LESSON 28 (p. 92).—SEA ANEMONES
(PLANTLIKE ANIMALS-PART 1).

1. Its parts or organs are a body, a mouth and tentacles. 2. The base acts like a sucker to attach the creature to the rock.

3. The tentacles move about as feelers, and seize the prey; the victim is drawn into the mouth, from which undigested portions are afterwards ejected.

LESSON 29 (p. 95). — SEA ANEMONES

(PLANTLIKE ANIMALS

PART 2).

1. If an Anemone be cut into two parts, each part will

grow and reproduce what it has lost.