Flower, F.G.S.; on the Classification of the Paleolithic
Age, by Means of the Mammalia; and Antiquity of the
Domestic Animals, by W. Boyd Dawkins, F.R.S; on
Human and Animal Bones and Flints from a Cave at Oban,
by Professor W. Turner; Discovery of Flint Implements
in Egypt, at Mount Sinai, at Galgala, and in Joshua's Tomb,
by L'Abbé Richard; and Ancient Modes of Sepulture in
the Orkneys, by George Petrie. Although the whole of
these papers are not reprinted in the present number of the
Anthropological Journal, some are, in consequence of their
having been re-read before recent meetings of the Institute.
We learn the good news from the report, that—
"The meetings of the Anthropological Department were,
as usual, well attended. On several occasions many persons
were not able to find accommodation; but finally, the
lecture hall of the Museum of Science and Art was kindly
placed by Professor Archer at the disposal of the Council of
the Association for the use of the department."

5. And lastly, that for these reasons the arrangement usually adopted of dividing the pre-historic stone period into two, seems to be insufficient. Professor Flower suggests "that the drift implement period might be known as palæolithic, that of the cave might be termed archaic, and that of the barrows pre-historic, while the polished celts might retain the designation of neolithic. And so far as England is concerned, it would seem that the term bronze age or period might very properly be abandoned, as the use of it is productive of misapprehension.

Anything said by this accomplished archeologist is de serving of our best attention, which has consequently been bestowed upon this interesting paper; but we would wish the subject to be more fully discussed before we can reject the four periods or ages entertained by Sir John Lubbock and others for Professor Flower's. Our readers will do well to read the whole of the paper.

Having devoted so much space to this subject, we are compelled to pass over several papers of equal importance, and can only briefly notice Captain Burton's extremely valuable and interesting contributions; they are, "Anthropological Collections from the Holy Land, I. and II.;” and Collections of Flint Implements from Bethlehem." The exhaustive accounts of his collections do not permit of being given even in part, as we could not render that justice due to the gallant captain which can only be done by each of our readers procuring the Journal and perusing them. The plates are exceedingly well executed. We must express a hope that Captain Burton will soon be replaced in the post he till recently occupied at Damascus. The value of such a gentleman in the East, both as a Consul and explorer, cannot be overrated.

Professor Flower's paper, "On the Relative Ages of the Stone Implement Periods in England," is of great importance, as it deals with the very foundation of pre-historic archæology. The materials brought together by the discoveries of Boucher de Perthes, Prestwich, and Evans, in the drift of the Somme Valley and in England, have been put to good purpose by Sir John Lubbock, who, with others, considers the drift implements of the same age as those of the bone caves. The four great epochs are thus described by Sir John :-"The first is the drift, when men shared the possession of Europe with the mammoth, the cave-bear, the woolly-haired rhinoceros, and other extinct animals"-this is called the Paleolithic Period. "Second, the later, or polished-stone age, a period characterized by beautiful weapons and instruments, made of flint and other kinds of stones"-this we may I call the Neolithic Period. This period was followed by another when bronze was extensively used for arms and implements; stone hammers were also in use, especially for certain purposes; as, for instance for arrow-heads, and in the form of flakes for cutting. Some of the bronze axes appear to be mere copies of the earlier stone ones. This is called the Bronze Period. The most recent epoch, is called the Iron Period. Professor Flower's object is to rearrange, or reform the "periods," as, in his opinion, our present state of knowledge does not permit of the cave and drift implements being placed in the same category, as far as relates to England, inasmuch as the deposits are charac-following manner :terized by very different conditions, and probably are assignable to distinct epochs. He says

The Address of the president (Sir John Lubbock) is printed in this number, and is altogether a very satisfactory one, as is also the report of the Council. From the latter we learn that the nett income of the Institute derived from subscriptions and the sale of publications for 1871, etc., is about 1ool., and there is every reason to hope that the liabilities (8371. 13s. 5d.) will be rapidly diminished.

The Address deals with the literature of this particular branch of inquiry, and comprehends a review of foreign as well as English works; also a discussion of the researches recently made in pre-historic archæology. The estimate of the antiquity of the various "ages" is arrived at in the

Sir John says, "The river Saône is gradually raising the plain through which it flows, and Messieurs de Ferry and "The ground upon which I desire to rest this proposition Arcelin, taking the position of the Roman remains as a basis as regards the drift period may be thus stated, viz., Arche- of calculation, have attempted to estimate the date of the ological-the difference in character of the implements from neolithic and paleolithic periods. From a comparison all others, and the absence of these products of human skill of a number of cases, M. Ferry takes the accumulation which are associated with implements of (presumably) later since the Roman period to be 60 centimetres; the depth of date; Geological—the very great difference in the geological the iron age remains to I'Imm.; of the bronze age layers, conditions under which they are found; and, Paleontologi-1.30; of the stone age, 150 This, he estimates, would cal-their association with some animal remains which have never yet been found, and the absence of remains which commonly are found with other stone implements." As we cannot here follow the details of this paper, which we consider are as yet incomplete, the author's general conclusions may be stated as follows:

1. The drift implements were made and used before this country was separated from France.

2. That it is by no means certain that the makers of the drift implements were contemporary with the animals with whose remains the implements are sometimes found.

3. That the cave period was probably of later date than that of the drift.

4. The use of bronze being common to both the palæo lithic and neolithic periods, cannot be regarded as constituting a distinct era.

give for the bronze age an antiquity of 3000 years; for the neolithic period of 4000 or 5000 years; while some of the paleolithic specimens would indicate a lapse of 9000 or 10,000 years." M. Arcelin "obtains for the Celtic iron age an antiquity of from 1800 to 2700 years; for the bronze age, 2700 to 3600; for the neolithic, 3600 to 6700; for the paleolithic, 6700 to 8000. It is, however, unnecessary to point out how much of uncertainty, as well as of interest, there is in such calculations."

To those interested in the study of primitive culture we commend to their notice Sir John's remarks upon Mr. E. B. Tyler's splendid work upon that subject. Mr. Fergusson's ideas in his "Rude Stone Monuments," of the use and age of megalithic monuments, meet with no favourable reception from the president, and justly so, as they are certainly extraordinary, if not unscientific, and perfectly unreliable. There are several other excellent articles in this number of those above noticed to induce all our readers to pro

*Pre-historic T.mes,' 2nd edition, p. 2. Nilsson's "Stone Age," the Journal, but we trust sufficient has been said upon

p. 12, et seq.

cure the number for themselves. We have much pleasure in giving the words of the Council in finishing their report: In conclusion, the Council would urge all its members to impress upon their friends the great importance and interest of the science of Anthropology and Ethnology, and to do whatever may lie in their power in order to promote the objects for which the Institute was formed."

AN OLD TOMBSTONE AT CASTLE CARY,

SOMERSET.

ARCHEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES.

[HOME.]

UTTOXETER.-Mr. F. Redfern, of this town, has within the last nine months made a series of discoveries of interest, sites of Roman stations, from three of which he has Roman pottery. One station he points out as being on Uttoxeter High Wood. He has pottery from this station, of which the north side remains perfect. He believes the premises of small part of the terrace of which remains in the croft near Dr. Taylor, situate in High-street, is the site of another, a the Hope and Anchor Inn. He points out a third station at Stramshall, where he has made numerous excavations, and ornamented. The site of the fourth station he is enabled to in all met with Roman potsherds, one piece of which is identify is at Madeley Holme, in the Madeley field, where he has dug and met with ample evidence of the character of 'There is in the churchyard of Castle Cary an old tomb- the place by the discovery of many fragments of late Koman stone, which has, somewhat unjustly, cast a stigma upon the pottery. He connects with the last a series of fine terraces parishioners. The late Mr. Russ, when at Southampton, at each side of the hill, remaining perfect on the west side, fell into conversation with a gentleman who told him that and constructed, he believes, most probably for defensive he, Mr. Russ, came from the most barbarous place in Eng-purposes rather than for cultivation

THE Proceedings of the Somerset Archeological and Natural History Society, for 1870, contain an interesting description by the Rev. Canon Meade of an old tombstone, in the churchyard, at Castle Cary. He says

[FOREIGN.]

He also connects with

land, as being the only place, it was believed, existing where these stations a meshwork of Romano-British maze.
cock-fighting was thought to be a practice fitting to
be recorded on a tombstone in a churchyard. Mr. Russ
heard this statement with some surprise, and on returning
to Castle Cary, hastened to the churchyard, where, after some
search, he found an old headstone, a good deal out of the
perpendicular, but containing apparently a representation of
two birds, standing opposite and ready to peck at one
another. Not satisfied, however, with appearances, Mr.
Russ had the long coarse herbage cleared away from the
opposite side of the tombstone, and there he was pleased to
find an inscription, showing that the stone was erected in
memory of a respectable family of the name of Swallow,
who are mentioned in Collinson's History of Somerset,' as
having given some gates to the church. The birds, there-
fore, mistaken for cocks, were intended probably for
swallows, forming a rebus on the family name.'

BELGIUM.-Excavations for archæological purposes have been lately undertaken at Jupille, in an ancient place of sepulture in Belgium, and have resulted in the discovery of a considerable number of skeletons, one of which had on the neck a golden collar. A remarkably fine mosaic pavement has been discovered.

Accompanying the above description are lithographic representations of both faces of the stone, from which it appears the inscriptions were as follow:Below the birds

THAT the halfpenny post is not quite so great a novelty as people commonly suppose, may be seen from the following advertisement, which appeared in the Daily Courant, Wednesday, 4th January, 1710:-" Wheras a Person in some Distress sent a Letter by the Halfpenny Carriage on Monday night last, directed to a Gentlewoman in Marlborough-street, he is desired to send another Letter, and where he may be spoke with, and Care will be taken to his Content."Athenæum.

In Vol. ii. p. 58, it is recorded that on a black frame at the east end of the south aisle of the church, the following appears among "William Swallow gave the gates of the church porch.""

other charities.

NEW YORK.-The remains of a mastodon have recently been discovered in a swamp near Otisville, Orange county, New York. Nearly all the bones have been dug out, and the skeleton, when put together, will be 14 feet high and 25 feet long. The contents of the stomach were also discovered, and found to consist of large leaves and blades of strange grass, from one to three inches wide.

deeds and manuscripts just sold by auction, in London, were
RARE SUFFOLK MANUSCRIPTS.-Amongst some scarce
two deeds of especial interest to Ipswich and its neighbour-
hood. The first is an indenture for the sale of property at
Thurleston, dated 1630, and having the extremely rare
autograph signature of Sir William Withipoll, of Ipswich,
Knight, as well as those of Sir Richard Brooke, of Nacton,
Knight, Sir Isaac Jermy, of Ipswich, Knight, and Sir
Charles Le Gros, of Crostwich, Knight, all parties interested
in the property.
The second is a deed granting certain
messuages in Ipswich (formerly the property of Sir Harbottle
Grimston, Bart.), to Thomas Edgar, and Mary his wife, by
Sir William Thekeston, of Flixton, Knight. This is dated
1644, and has Sir W. Thekeston's signature in fine condi-
tion. Sir W. Withipoll (Whitypole), and his connection
with Christ church priory are well known; and some of his
ancestors have monuments at St. Margaret's church. Sir
William Thekeston's history is also closely embodied with
the account of Flixton. These interesting documents, in-
stead of having been secured by the local authorities for the
Ipswich Museum, have become the property of Mr. Charles
Golding, of London, and go to further enrich his large store
of Suffolk archæology and history.

AN interesting experiment appears to be in progress in front of the London University building, Gower-street. As is frequent in "classical" designs, several pedestals have been provided in this façade. These pedestals are unusually large, and, as is commonly the case in British antiques, there were no statues on them. Quite lately, however, the art authorities of the establishment have placed casts of "The Fighting Gladiator," and "The Discobolus," on two of the principal pedestals, with a very happy effect. We should like to see this experiment extended, and more statues placed on pedestals.-Athenæum,

WELSH ARCHEOLOGY.

and there a long flat stone placed at right angles with the The entrance ON THE ANCIENT DWELLINGS OF ANGLESEY, CALLED wall, projecting into the hut.2

"CYTTIAU'R GWYDDELOD."

(Continued from our last.)

huts. If we consider the

was facing the south-east, with two large upright stones for door-posts. Attached to the hut was a somewhat irre gular semi-circular chamber, adjoining the entrance. The diameter of the circle was about 25 feet, and that of the semi-circular appendage, 6 feet. The fireplace was situated on the north side of the hut, and had a chimney let into

the thickness of the wall, which is shown in Fig.

3.

A stone mor tar or basin, of trap or basalt, was discovered in front of the fireplace, which measured 11 inches in diameter and 6 inches deep, sunk to a level with the floor

of the hut, as FIG. 3.-INTERIOR VIEW OF THE CIRCULAR HUT AT TY MAWR, HOLYHEAD ISLAND. shown in Fig. 3. small size of the dwellings, and if like the Irish and Cornish | There was another fireplace in the centre, made of flat huts they had no aperture at the top, it would have been stones set on edge. It was 2 feet long and 18 inches wide almost impossible for the inmates, without suffocation, to have made a fire inside of wood, heath, or gorse. We may, therefore, conclude that the larger animals were cooked in pits outside, but that shell-fish, or small portions, were boiled or roasted on hot stones, and that such grain as they possessed was roasted, and ground by the querns, inside the dwelling.'1

There are, near Holyhead, remains of four clusters of huts; some being square, while others are of the cir

8.FEET.

in front, tapering to a point at the back. It had been lined with clay burnt to the consistency of brick. In the fireplace were particles of metallic clay and fine sand, like that used for moulding; scattered about was a quantity of broken pieces of quartz, with slight indications of copper ore in

most of them.*

There was also a great quantity of pebbles, evidently used for pounding, grinding, and polishing, as most of them were much cular form. These remains, FIG. 4.-STONE TABLE, FOUND AMONGST RUINED FOUNDATIONS AT worn by friction. Stone the Hon. W. O. Stanley hammers of regular shape says, if inhabited at the same time, giving five persons were found with the usual groove in the centre. But for their to a family or hut, and that there were 200 huts, we should size, they might be taken for plummets, examples of which are have a large population for

so small a district.

In 1868, other remains were examined, and one in particular was of very great interest. It is situated at the east end of the village at Ty Mawr, under a cliff about 20 feet high, sheltering it from the north. It was of the usual construction, viz., "large unhewn stones set on end, and sunk about 2 feet in the ground; the interior of the wall, about 3 feet thick, was made of loose stones and earth, or sods, occasionally lined with small flat stones, set on rude courses, with large upright stones at in

TWR, IN HOLYHEAD ISLAND, ANGLESEY.

I.FOOT

tervals, to prevent the walls FIG. 5.-DRAIN FORMED OF ROUGH SLABS OF SCHIST, crushing inwards, and here

1 First Memoir, p. 8. For similar constructions see a Memoir by Mr. George Tait, F.G.S., Transactions of the Berwickshire Naturalists' Club, vol. iv. p. 293;

given by Professor Sven Nilsson. On the whetstones, there was the appearance of the greenish hue made by the rubbing of brass or bronze implements, which is a very important point, and may assist us in arriving at some definite conclusion as to the age of this hut. This dwelling contained besides the relics above mentioned, a stone cup or crucible, a white stone spindle whorl or button, a stone ring probably used as a brooch. Of the former there were as many as fourteen.

In all the huts there were the same appearances of clay, .sand, and burnt clay, also FOUND AT coarse pieces of pottery, and

stone hammers, with a great

Prof. Babington Arch. Camb. 3rd. series, vol. viii. p. 201; Mr. C. Spence Bate's "Supplementary Report on the Pre-bistoric Antiquities of Dartmoor," Journal Anthrop. Inst., vol. i., No. 1, p. c.

Fig. 1. A bronze spear-head, length 9 in.; Fig. 2. Plain leaf-shaped spear-head, 5 in.; Fig. 3. Looped socketed celt (Irish type), 4 in.; Fig. 4. Small socketed dagger, blade feather-edged, 6 in.; Fig. 5. Chisel, length, in its present state, 3 in.; Fig. 6. Plain penannular armlet, diameter, 2 in.; Fig. 7. Stout ring, diameter about 1 in.; Fig. 8. Amber beads of various sizes, diameter of the largest beads somewhat more than an inch.10

CORRESPONDENCE.

[The Editor solicits Correspondence on Archæological matters, and information of Antiquarian discoveries, with drawings of objects, when of sufficient interest.]

LEGENDARY LORE, &c.
TO THE EDITOR OF THE ANTIQUARY.

SIR,-To enumerate a tithe of the traditions and legendary tales extant (among the unlettered population), in connection with our ancient abbeys, houses, crosses, monuments, etc., would be more than sufficient to fill several volumes. But the matter arranged under a skilful hand would be highly interesting, I am sure. Doubtless such a work would be very popular, especially among those classes from which the information was mainly derived.

As Mr. J. Jeremiah has been good enough to furnish us with a few curious notes (from Dorset and Wilts), illustrative of this subject, and conjectures that further information respecting similar instances of belief may exist in other counties, perhaps the following traditions, etc., relative to the "Great House," Cheshunt, Herts; and “Queen Eleanor's Cross,' at Waltham Cross, in the same parish and county, may be considered à propos.

The history of the Eleanor crosses being well known to your readers, it will be sufficient for me to say that the above were erected at the several places where the body of Queen Eleanor rested on its way from Lincolnshire to Westminster.

The Cross, taking precedence (of the Great House) in point of antiquity, it will be well to note, firstly, the lore embracing that "memorable pile." Most "folks," agree that it was erected in commemoration of a Queen Eleanor, although the variation of circumstances in connection therewith is highly ludicrous, and in opposition to real facts. One story affirms that this queen was murdered here, on her return from France, after she had delivered the good citizens of Calais from the fatal noose! Other stories are tenfold more incongruous and conjectural, which would make it appear that similar notions were current, when Strutt penned "The Bumpkin's Disaster" (Part III. of which contains, the "Fabulous History of Waltham Cross"), as many of the points therein contained seem to correspond with instances of individual belief that makes one incline to the opinion that either some of these notabilities had heard the recital of this legendary tale, or the late Mr. Joseph Strutt, had improved on some of their conceived notions, with the necessary additions, which, supposing this to be the case, would render applicable the words of " Ploughshare," the distinguished narrator in this poem :

"To give the author's words my best I'll try,
And what is wanting carefully supply."

To such of your readers who have not seen this humorous
fragment, I beg to recommend it for perusal, but more
especially to those who count it not a sin—

"To laugh and grow fat."

As the Great House is situate in a more retired spot, and is not so well known "to dwellers from afar," as the Cross, it may be requisite to give a brief outline of the history of this structure, for which I am indebted to Mr. W. Winters, who has kindly given me permission to quote from his "Visitors' Handbook of Cheshunt; "t a concise little work, which gives an account of all places of interest in that neighbourhood, &c. Mr. Winters says (pp. 18-20):— "This house was originally a quadrangular building, containing in all thirty-three rooms, and surrounded

Edit. London, 1808. A posthumous work, published by the son of the author.

+ Edit. Waltham Abbey, Cowing, 1872, pp. 31.

by a moat, standing in a park north of the high road leading
to Goffs Oak. It was erected in the reign of Henry VIII.,
and became the residence of Cardinal Wolsey, to whom this
This structure (says Clutterbuck) has
manor belonged.
undergone various alterations and contractions at different
times, and was entirely modernized and cased with brick, by
John Shaw, Esq., in 1750; since which period, the Rev.
Charles Mayo, the lessee of the house and manor, and next
in reversion to the estate, pulled down in 1801 (by licence of
the tenant for life, Mrs. Ann Shaw), and repaired the re-
maining part with the materials. The hall, which is spacious
and lofty, contains a variety of antiquities. Salmon tells us
that there was preserved in this house an ancient head-
piece in shape of a cap,' taken from the head of Mordac,
Earl of Fife, when he was made prisoner in the battle
against the Scots, anno 1402. In this hall are also many
excellent portraits, among which we notice especially, by per-
mission,* an original painting of Cardinal Wolsey, the
family picture, by Schaffer, of the second Sir John Shaw,
Bart., Sarah his wife, and nine children; the portrait of Sir
Hugh Middleton.
Also fine portraits of

Richard Cromwell, James II., William III., Earl of Orrery,
Earl of Radnor, Queen Elizabeth, Charles I., by Vandyck;
Charles II., Lord Fairfax, Queen Anne, Archbishops Juxon
and Laud (1644); besides which there are several specimens
of old armour, one piece in particular being a coat of mail
not unlike that worn by the Knights Templar of the 12th
century.

"In the compartment which is stated to be Wolsey's bedroom, are preserved two relics of Charles I., viz., his rocking-horse and his arm-chair; and likewise several very good portraits unknown. From this room, the floor of which is said to be stained with blood, there appears to have been a trap-door to the dungeon (chamber of horrors), confessional and private chapel below. Some few years since two skeletons were discovered, with a pitcher and lantern, bricked in the wall in the corner of the dungeon. There are vaults or subterraneous passages below. The present proprietor of the Great House is William Herbert Mayo, Esq."

Popular belief has, regardless of truth, invested this building with all the gloomy horrors of an inquisitorial dungeon. Cardinal Wolsey by the same process is converted into a veritable "Blue Beard." In fact, Blue Beard and Cardinal Wolsey appear to be one and the same person. The stairs of blood upon the floor is the blood of innocent young damsels (the damsels procured by the monks of Waltham, and the satellites of the Cardinal, to satisfy the brutal lusts of that "arch-imp of Satan," their master), the poor creatures being cruelly murdered after serving that implacable monster's pleasure!

Henry VIII. is said to have carried on his amours and intrigues here incog., and murders have been committed within its precincts sufficient to fill a three-volume "Newgate Calendar.' Torturing agonies have been here endured by glorious martyrs; the different instruments of torture by which they suffered running through the whole vocabulary of things dreadful, according to the knowledge or taste of the narrator, from the "thumb-screw " Here Mary Queen of Scots was confined by Elizabeth, and finally executed under the direct orders of Cardinal Wolsey! (?) etc.

to the "boot."

An old proverb says, “A rolling stone gathers no moss," but totally different would this "saw" appear if applied to a tale, or hungry rumour; for it is an incontrovertible fact that a rolling tale (if I may use the term) gathers by repetition, slightly gaining in portentousness and power, according to the imaginative abilities of the teller. To this simple circumstance may be attributed many of our good old legendary “yarns." J. PERRY. Waltham Abbey.

* "For which the writer is indebted to the Rev. C. E. Mayo."