Certificates, of Force Where; Revocation.-SEC. 99. [Laws 1881, Ch. 151, Sec. 7.] No certificate shall be of force, except in the county in which it is issued. The certificates issued under this act may be revoked by the board of examiners on the ground of immorality, or for any cause which would have justified the withholding thereof when the same was granted.

State Board of Education; Diplomas.-SEC. 100. [Laws 1876, Ch. 122, Art. 6, Sec. 7.] There shall be a state board of education, consisting of the state superintendent of public instruction, the chancellor of the state university, the president of the state agricultural college, and the principals of the state normal schools at Emporia and Leavenworth. The state board of education thus constituted are hereby authorized and empowered to issue state diplomas to such professional teachers as may be found, upon a critical examination, to possess the requisite scholarship and culture, and who may also exhibit satisfactory evidence of an unexceptionable moral character, and of eminent professional experience and ability, and who have taught for two years in the state. All such diplomas shall be countersigned by the state superintendent of public instruction, and shall supersede the necessity of any and all other examinations of the person holding the same by county, city or local boards of examiners; and such diplomas shall be valid in any county, city, town or school district in the state during the lifetime of the holder, unless revoked by the state board of education.

State Certificates.-SEC. 101. [Laws 1876, Ch. 122, Art. 6, Sec. 8.] The state board of education are furthermore authorized and empowered to issue state certificates of high qualifications to such teachers as may be found, upon examination, to possess the requisite scholarship, and who may also exhibit satisfactory evidence of good moral character, and ability to teach, and skill to govern and control children. The certificates issued by the state board of education may be of two grades— one for three years and one for five years; and all certificates issued by said board shall be countersigned by the state superintendent of public instruction, and such state certificates shall supersede the necessity of all other examinations of the persons holding them by county or local

It is proper for the board to refuse especially the first-grade or second-grade certificate to applicants passing the necessary examination but not satisfying the board of their ability to "teach and govern school successfully." Applicants are examined as to their competency to teach (see section 94); and while they may be ninety or ninety-nine on examination, they are not necessarily possessed of such "ability to teach" (see sec. 97) as will justify the issuing of the best certificate. I hope the time will soon come (and be hastened in its coming by the action of examiners) when it cannot be truthfully said that there are better teachers holding the second grade than there are holding the first grade. SEC. 99. County certificates issued in county A cannot be legally made valid in county B, even by the indorsement of the board of examiners of county B; for the law expressly provides that "no [county] certificate shall be of force except in the county in which it is issued."

boards of examiners; and such certificate shall be valid in any county, city, town or school district in the state for the term of three or five years (as therein set forth), unless sooner revoked by said state board of education.

State Examinations.-SEC. 102. [Laws 1876, Ch. 122, Art. 6, Sec. 9.] The state board of education shall meet at the city of Topeka on the fourth Monday of August in each year, and at such other times and places as may by them be deemed necessary, and proceed to the transaction of such business as may legally come before them, and to examine all applicants who may present themselves for such examination; and if satisfied with the scholarship, culture, and moral character of the applicant, and with his professional attainments and experience, said board shall issue a state diploma, or certificate, as the case may be, in accordance with such examinations and the provisions of this act: Provided, That the provisions of this act shall be carried out without expense to the state.

ARTICLE VII.—UNION OR Graded-School DISTRICTS.

2103. Graded schools, how established. 104. Powers and duties of directors.

105. Union district entitled to share of school

funds.

106. May levy taxes.

107. Shall receive its share of school moneys.
108. Duties of clerk of union district.
109. Duties of treasurer of union district.

110. Public schools in cities shall receive their share of public school funds, on what condition.

111. Any single district may establish graded schools.

112. Annual meeting of graded-school districts, when held.

How Formed. SEC. 103. [Laws 1876, Ch. 122, Art. 7, Sec. 1.] Whenever the inhabitants of two or more school districts may wish to unite for the purpose of establishing a graded school in which instruction shall be given in the higher branches of education, the clerks of the several districts shall, upon a written application of five voters of the respective districts, call a meeting of the voters of such districts, at some convenient place, by posting up written notices thereof, in like manner as provided for calling district meetings; and if a majority of the voters of each of the two or more districts shall vote to unite for the purpose herein stated, they shall, at that meeting or at an adjourned meeting, elect a board of directors, consisting of a director, clerk and treasurer.

Duties of Board.-SEC. 104. [Laws 1876, Ch. 122, Art. 7, Sec. 2.] The board of directors provided in the preceding section shall, in all matters relating to the graded schools, possess all the powers and discharge all the like duties of the district board of directors, as prescribed in this act.

School Funds.-SEC. 105. [Laws 1876, Ch. 122, Art. 7, Sec. 3.] The union district thus formed shall be entitled to an equitable share of the school funds, to be drawn from the treasurer of each district so uniting, in proportion to the number of children attending the said graded school for each district.

Levy Taxes.-SEC. 106. [Laws 1876, Ch. 122, Art. 7, Sec. 4.] The said union district may levy taxes for the purpose of purchasing a building or furnishing proper buildings for the accommodation of the school or for the purpose of defraying necessary expenses and paying teachers, but shall be governed in all respects by the law herein provided for levying and collecting district taxes.

Apportionment.-SEC. 107. [Laws 1876, Ch. 122, Art. 7, Sec. 5.] The clerk of the union district shall report in writing to the treasurer of each school district uniting in the union district, the number of scholars attending the graded school from his district, their sex, and the branches studied; and the said district treasurer shall apportion the amount of school money due the union district, and pay the same over to the treasurer of the union district on order of the clerk and director thereof.

Clerk.-SEC. 108. [Laws 1876, Ch. 122, Art. 7, Sec. 6.] The clerk of the union district shall make a report to the county superintendent of public instruction, and discharge all the duties of clerk in like manner as clerk of the district.

Treasurer.-SEC. 109. [Laws 1876, Ch. 122, Art. 7, Sec. 7.] The treasurer of the union district shall perform all the duties of treasurer as prescribed in this act, in like manner as the district treasurer.

Apportionment to Cities.-SEC. 110. [Laws 1876, Ch. 122, Art. 7, Sec. 8.] The public schools of any city, town or village, which may be regulated by special law set forth in the charter of such city, town or village, shall be entitled to receive their proportion of the public school fund: Provided, The clerk of the board of education in such city, town or village shall make due report within the time and manner prescribed in this act, to the county superintendent of public instruction. Single District.-SEC. 111. [Laws 1876, Ch. 122, Art. 7, Sec. 9.] Any single district shall possess power to establish graded schools, subject to the provisions of this article, in like manner as two or more districts united.

Annual Meeting.-SEC. 112. [Laws 1876, Ch. 122, Art. 7, Sec. 10.] The annual meeting of union or graded-school districts shall be held on the last Wednesday in June, at such hour as may be indicated by the board.

ARTICLE VIII.-SCHOOL-DISTRICT LIBRARIES.

2113. School districts may vote a tax not to exceed 114. The money so collected shall be used for no two mills, for district library. other purpose.

115. Librarian to be appointed by district board.

Library Fund.-SECTION 113. [Laws 1876, Ch. 122, Art. 8, Sec. 1.] That the several school districts of the state may, at the annual meeting in each year, vote a tax upon all the taxable property of the district, not to exceed two mills on the dollar, which tax shall be certified by the district clerk to the county clerk, at the same time and manner as other school-district taxes are certified; and the county clerk shall place the same on the tax roll of the county in a separate column, designating the purpose for which such tax was levied; and said tax shall be collected and paid over to the treasurer of said district in all respects as other school-district taxes are collected and paid: Provided, however, That in the districts where the taxable property of the district is more than twenty thousand dollars and not more than thirty thousand, there shall not be levied more than one and a half mills on the dollar; and where the taxable property is more than thirty thousand dollars and not more than fifty thousand, there shall not be levied more than one mill on the dollar; and in all cases where the taxable property of the district shall exceed fifty thousand dollars, there shall not be levied more than one half-mill on the dollar.

How Used.-SEC. 114. [Laws 1876, Ch. 122, Art. 8, Sec. 2.] The money so collected shall be used under the direction of the board of directors, for the purchasing of a school-district library, and for no other purpose; and the district board, in the purchase of books, shall be confined to works of history, biography, science and travels.

Librarian; Rules.-SEC. 115. [Laws 1876, Ch. 122, Art. 8, Sec. 3.] The district clerk shall be the librarian, unless the board of directors shall appoint some other competent and suitable person, who shall reside in the district, to perform the duties of that office; and the board shall have power to make such rules and regulations in regard to the management of said library as they shall deem best, and they shall revise and change said rules from time to time as the necessities of the case may require.

ARTICLE IX.-FINES AND PENALTIES.

116. Jurisdiction of justices of the peace.

117. Fines and penalties, how collected.

2118. Penalty for receiving bonus from publisher of school books.

Jurisdiction.-SEC. 116. [Laws 1876, Ch. 122, Art. 9, Sec. 1.] Justices of the peace shall have jurisdiction in all cases in which a school

district is a party interested, when the amount claimed by the plaintiff shall not exceed one hundred dollars; and the parties shall have the right of appeal, as in other cases.

How Collected.-SEC. 117. [Laws 1876, Ch. 122, Art. 9, Sec. 2.] All fines and penalties not otherwise provided for in this act shall be collected by an action in any court of competent jurisdiction.

Penalty for Receiving Bonus.-SEC. 118. [Laws 1876, Ch. 122, Art. 9, Sec. 3.] If the state superintendent, or any county superintendent of public instruction, shall receive from the publisher of any school books, or from any other person interested in the sale or introduction of any book into the public schools in the state, any money or bonus in any manner as an inducement for the recommendation or introduction of any such book into the public schools of the state, such superintendent shall, upon conviction thereof before any court of competent jurisdiction, be found guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be fined in a sum not less than one thousand dollars nor exceeding five thousand dollars, or shall be imprisoned in the penitentiary for any time not less than one year nor more than five years, or both such fine and imprisonment.

ARTICLE X.-PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN CITIES OF THE FIRST CLASS.

2119. Cities of first class defined.

120. Board of education, how constituted and elected.

121. Vacancy in board, how filled.

122. Powers of board.

123. Board shall organize, when and how; elect clerk, superintendent; fiscal year; annual report.

124. Duty of president.

125. Duty of vice president.

126. Duty of clerk; duty and salary of superintendent.

127. Clerk shall execute bond; oath of office. 128. Treasurer; duty of treasurer.

129. Board not to receive pay.

130. Examining committee, how appointed; du-
ties; who may be elected as teacher.
131. Vacancy in committee, how filled.

132. Annual levy of school tax, when and how
made; provisos.

133. All school taxes shall be paid in money.
134. The whole city shall compose a school district.
135. All city school property shall be vested in the
board.

136. Sale or conveyance of school property.
137. Meetings of the board, when held.

138. Annual report of the board shall be published, when and how.

139. Restriction regarding expenditures.

140. No sectarian doctrine shall be taught in the city schools.

141. City school property exempt from taxation. 142. For what purpose the board may issue bonds; date and rate of interest; maturity of; provisos.

143. Bonds shall be signed by whom; shall specify;
amount.

144. Annual levy for interest and sinking fund.
145. Sinking fund, how used and employed.
146. Interest to be paid, when.

147. Payment of interest and principal, how se-
cured.

148. The clerk shall register bonds issued by the board.

149. Additional powers and duties of the board of

education.

150. Organization and officers of the board.
151. Refunding outstanding bonded debt.
152. Registration of funding bonds.

153. Annual levy of tax to pay interest and prin-
cipal of funding bonds.

154. Penalty for neglecting or refusing to levy bond tax.

155. Use of money levied and collected under this act.

Defined.—SEC. 119. [Laws 1876, Ch. 122, Art. 10, Sec. 1.] All cities of more than fifteen thousand inhabitants shall be governed by the provisions of this act.