time as if chosen at the annual meeting, and until their successors shall have been elected and qualified.

Settlement of Election Disputes.- All disputes relating to the regularity of these elections and to any acts of the inspectors or clerk should be referred to the Commissioner of Education for settlement. His decision in such matters is final.

Limitation of These Provisions. These provisions do not apply to union free-school districts in cities, nor to any union freeschool district whose boundaries coincide with those of an incorporated village. Nor can such provisions apply to any union freeschool district organized by a special act in which the time and method of electing officers in such district shall be fixed by a special provision which differs from the general law. Nor do these provisions apply to any of the union free-school districts of the counties of Suffolk, Chenango, Warren, and St. Lawrence. The election of officers in any union free-school district of any of these counties, whose boundaries do not coincide with those of an incorporated village must be held on the date of the annual meeting.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

How many members on a board of education in a union free-school district? How is the number determined? On what three dates may the election of members on a board education in union free-school districts whose boundaries do not coincide with the boundaries of an incorporated village or a city occur? When in districts whose boundaries do thus coincide? In the latter case how are such trustees elected? What is the requirement relative to ballots? In all cases how must trustees be chosen? What kind of ballots must be used? How are inspectors chosen at such election? What are their duties? How should the first trustee of a union free-school district be classified? For what period does each class hold office? What is the regular term of office? What is one year in this meaning?

What constitutes a board of education? How is a board of education named? Who are eligible to membership on a board of education? Are women eligible? When? How many members of a family may serve on the same board? Is a district superintendent eligible? A supervisor? If a member of a board of education should accept either of these offices, what would be the result? How may vacancies on a board occur? When a vacancy does occur how should it be filled? Who may order a special election to fill such vacancy? If it is not filled by the board of education within thirty days and if a special meeting is not called within that time, how may such vacancy be filled?

For what reasons may a board remove any of its members? What are the proceedings in such cases? What privileges should be allowed the

accused member? By what other authority may a member of a board be removed? What are considered sufficient causes for removal? What are the proceedings in such cases? When is the annual meeting of a board of education held? What is the exception to this date? How is the president of a board of education chosen? When?

How is a clerk chosen? What are the qualifications of a clerk? What are a clerk's duties? Who determines the compensation of a clerk? Who is clerk of the board of education of a union free-school district whose boundaries coincide with those of an incorporated village or a city?

How is a treasurer chosen in a district whose boundaries do not coincide with those of an incorporated village or a city? A collector? Who are eligible to these offices? For what period are they appointed? What is the duty of the treasurer? Of the collector? What bond must each of these officers give? Within what period? For what amount? What is the effect if these bonds are not given? How are such vacancies filled? What is the duty of a board in relation to librarians?

Who are entitled to vote for officers in union free-school districts? Explain fully how the number of trustees may be changed in each class of union free-school districts.

What union free-school districts may elect officers on the Wednesday following the annual meeting? When? Between what hours must such election occur? Until what time may the election be extended? Where is such election held? When may it be held elsewhere? What notice must be given of such change of place? What business only can be transacted at such election? When must the annual meeting of such district be held?

Who act as inspectors at such election? If a majority of the board are not present at the opening of the polls, how are such vacancies filled? If none of the members of the board are present, how are inspectors chosen? What poll-list should be kept? By whom? What is the penalty for refusal to serve in this capacity?

Who may offer a challenge at such election? What affirmation must the challenged person make? Upon his making such affirmation what must the inspectors do? What is the penalty for making a false declaration? What is the penalty for illegal voting when not challenged? How is such fine collected? For what purpose should it be used?

By whom should ballot-boxes be supplied? How must officers be elected at these elections? What kind of ballots may be used? Describe how the votes cast should be counted?

When should a board of education call a meeting for a special election? When may a district superintendent order such election? The Commissioner of Education? What notice must be given of such election? For what period are the officers elected at such special meeting chosen? How are all disputes relating to such elections settled? To what districts do not these provisions for election of officers apply?

Adopt By-Laws for Its Government.-A board of education has legal authority to adopt such by-laws and rules for its government as it shall deem necessary to discharge properly the duties imposed upon it by law.

Adopt Regulations for Schools. A board has authority also to adopt such rules and regulations as it shall deem wise and necessary for the promotion of the educational interests of the district, for the preservation of order and discipline in the schools, and for the protection of the district's property.

While a board has authority to adopt general rules to govern a school and to aid in the discipline thereof, such authority must not be construed as giving the board absolute power to control the discipline and order of the school. General rules may be adopted by the board, but the teacher is the authority to execute such rules, and may determine a mode of punishment not in conflict with the rules of the board. A teacher has authority also to establish such rules for the preservation of order as are not in conflict with the rules adopted by the board.

Courses of Study. It is the duty of boards of education to arrange courses of study for the schools under their jurisdiction, to determine in what manner pupils shall be graded or classified, and to determine the basis upon which pupils shall be promoted from grade to grade, or from one department to another depart

ment.

By special provision of law, boards of education are required to provide for instruction in physiology and hygiene, with special reference to the effects of alcoholic stimulants and narcotics upon the

human system, and in the humane treatment and protection of birds. and animals.

Prescribe Text-Books. They are to prescribe the text-books to be used in the schools under their charge, and to require a uniformity in the use of such books. They shall also furnish text-books to poor pupils out of any moneys provided for that purpose, and free text-books for all pupils when funds have been voted therefor.

Purchase Sites.- When directed to do so by a district meeting, boards of education should purchase a site or sites or an addition to a site or sites for schoolhouses.

Erect and Repair Buildings.— They should construct a schoolhouse or schoolhouses when directed to do so by a district meeting, and should keep the school buildings in good repair.

Purchase Furniture, Apparatus, etc.- A board of education has the authority to purchase all necessary furniture, apparatus, fuel, and other necessaries, and to keep the furniture and apparatus in good repair.

May Hire School Rooms and Furnish Them.- When the rooms in a schoolhouse are overcrowded and the capacity of a schoolhouse is insufficient to accommodate all the pupils, or when the schoolhouse has been injured or destroyed in any way so as to render it unfit for use, the board of education may hire suitable rooms in which to conduct the school, and may fit up and furnish such rooms in a suitable manner, for the purpose of conducting school therein.

Insure School Property. The board should insure all school buildings and appendages thereof owned by the district, the furniture and apparatus, and the library, in a company created under the laws of the State or authorized to do business in the State. The board has power to raise the premiums by tax upon the district. Custody of Property.- The custody and possession of all public school buildings, sites, lots, furniture, books, apparatus and all school property, and the title to the same are vested, in union free-school districts, in the board of education in each of such districts. For any and all purposes this property is exempt from taxation.

May Sell Property and Exchange Real Estate.— When a board of education is so authorized by the qualified voters of any district, it may sell at such price and upon such terms as directed, any

former lot or site and any real estate the title of which is vested in the board, and any buildings or appurtenances thereon. The board has authority also to convey any such property by deed and to execute the same, which may be done by a majority of the members of the board or by some officer or member of the board duly empowered by the board to make such conveyance. Any money realized from the sale of such property must be applied by the board as directed in a resolution by the voters of the district.

The board may also, when so directed, exchange any real estate belonging to the district for the purpose of improving or changing the schoolhouse site.

May Hold Real Estate in Trust.- A board of education may take and hold any real estate for the use of the schools or any department of the schools of their district, transmitted to the district by gift, grant, bequest or devise; or any gift, legacy, or annuity given or bequeathed to said board. Such board must apply the same, or the interest or proceeds thereof, as directed by the donor

or testator.

Control of Schools. Boards of education of union free-schools have in all respects the superintendence, management, and control of such schools subject to the supervision of the Commissioner of Education. In such control and management a board must be governed by law, and by the general powers given the Commissioner of Education.

Establishment of Academic Department.- The power to establish an academic department is vested in the board of education. This may be established whenever the board deems it necessary. Such department must be approved by the Board of Regents. Admission of Non-Resident Pupils to Academic or Other Departments. The admission of non-resident pupils to the academic or other departments shall be under the regulations adopted by the board of education, and the fee to be charged such students for this privilege shall also be regulated by the board. Whenever the parent or the guardian of non-resident pupils shall be taxed for school purposes, because of property owned by either of them and assessed in the district at which such non-resident pupils attend school, the amount of tax thus paid must be deducted from the tuition fee to be paid.

Colored Schools. A board of education has authority under the law to maintain a separate school for colored children when