So also 'to-cleve,' 'to-rende.' In Erasmus' Paraphrase
(Q. Kath. Parr's transl.), 'shall be al to crushed' (Luk. fol.
clx. ob.); 'all to bruised' (ib. lxxxix.); ‘all to rated him’
(John lxix. rev.). On the other hand, there are many
passages which seem only to admit of the reading all-to
in the sense above given of all to pieces.

Thou farest as frute, that with the frost is taken,
To day redy ripe, to morrow al-to shaken.

"""nted" "all to " in Nott's ed. of Surrey Surrey, Sonnet 9. ind

For that in Durtwych and here about the same we be fallen alt, into the dirt, and be all-to dirtied, even up to the ears. Latimer,

21.

n the

Rem. p. 397.

Smiling speakers creep into a man's bosom, they love and all-to love him. Id. Serm. p. 289. Printed "all to love

The fall examples of words compounded with

'all to' are taken from the Glossary to Forshall and Madden's edition of the Wicliffite versions:

'Al-to-brasten' (2 Chr. xxv. 12), ‘al-to-breke' (Deut. xxviii. 20), 'al-to-brende' (Ps. cv. 18), 'al-to-feblid' (Is. xxxviii. 14), 'al-to-kut' (1 Chr. xx. 3), 'al-to-trede' (Deut. vii. 24).

Alms, sb. (Acts iii. 3). The English word 'alms' is singular, and, with O. E. almesse, A. S. almesse, G. almosen, and Sc. awmous, is derived from the Gk. éλeŋpoovv.

The patrimonie and the richesse,
Which to Silvester in pure almesse
The firste Constantinus lefte.

Gower, Conf. Am. prol. I. p. 28.

And he should it were an alms to hang him.

Shakespeare, Much Ado, II. 3.

Beggars that come unto my father's door,
Upon entreaty have a present alms.

Id. Tam. of Shrew, IV. 3.

Chaucer uses the plural 'almesses' (comp. richesse, pl. richesses).

These ben general almesses or werkes of charity. Parson's Tale.

In Acts x. 4 'alms' is used as a plural.

Almsdeed, sb. (Acts ix. 36). An act of charity; and so charity in its narrower sense; A. S. almesse-dœed.

In vertu and in holy almes-dede

They lyven alle.

Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale, 1. 5576.

Now ben ther thre maner of almesdede. Id. Parson's Tale. He loveth thee with his hands, that will help thee in time of necessity, by giving some almsdeeds, or with any other occupation of the hand. Latimer, Serm. p. 21.

Murder is thy alms-deed;

Petitioners for blood thou ne'er put'st back.

Shakespeare, 3 Hen. VI. v. 5.

Aloft, adv. (1 Esd. viii. 92). In the passage 'and now is all Ísrael aloft,' the last word is the rendering of the Greek érávo. Chaucer (Ass. of Fowls, 1. 203) uses 'on loft' in the same sénse.

Therewith a wind, unneth it might be lesse,

Made in the leaves grene a noise soft,
Accordant to the foules song on loft.

The root is the A. S. lyft, the sky, air, G. luft, O. E. lift; so that 'aloft' is literally, in the air, on high.

*

'To be aloft' seems to mean 'to have the upper hand,' and so Latimer uses it:

We esteem it to be a great thing to have a kingdom in this world, to be a ruler, to be aloft, and bear the swing. ~ Rem. p. 64. It is used redundantly in Gower, Conf. Am. 1. p. 284: And as they shulden pleid hem ofte Till they be growen up alofte

In the youthe of lusty age.

Along, adv. (Judg. vii. 13). At full length; in the phrase 'to lie along.' See the quotation from Holland's Pliny under Loaden.

Alway, adv. (Ex. xxv. 30; Phil. iv. 4). Always; A. S. eallne wæg, calle waga. So algate, algates, beside, besides, betime, betimes, sometime, sometimes, toward, towards, which were once used indifferently.

Sire, ye ben not alway in lik disposicioun. Chaucer, Tale of Melibeus.

For the book saith, Axe thi counseil alwey of hem that ben wyse. Ibid.

That on may se his lady day by day,
But in prisoun he moot dwelle alway.

Id. Knight's Tale, 1352.

Amain, adv. (2 Macc. xii. 22) occurs in the Bible this once only; where it means with vehemence or precipitation; from A. S. mægen, might, power, connected with magan to be able.

Great lords, from Ireland am I come amain,
To signify that rebels there are up.

Shakespeare, 2 Hen. VI. III. I.

On, myrmidons; and cry you all amain,
Achilles hath the mighty Hector slain.

Pliny says of the lion;

Id. Tr. and Cr. v. 9.

But having gained the thickets and woods and gotten into the forests out of sight, then he skuds away, then he runneth amain for life. Holland's trans. VIII. 16.

Amazed, pp. (Judg. xx. 41; Mark xiv. 33). Confounded, bewildered by fear or any strong emotion. Like ‘abashed,' which occurs in place of 'amazed' in Tyndale's version of Mark xiv. 33; this word is now used in a much

narrower sense.

But when they were aduertysed of the kynges puissance, or elles amased with feare,...departed from thence to Barckamstede. Hall, Hen. IV. fol. 13 b.

Vpon the walles the Pagans old and yong
Stood husht and still, amated and amased,
At their grave order and their humble song.

Fairfax, Tasso, XI. 12.

Bear with me, cousin, for I was amazed
Under the tide.

Shakespeare, K. John, IV. 2.

Compare the use of 'amazing' in Rich. II. 1. 3;

And let thy blows, doubly redoubled,
Fall like amazing thunder on the casque
Of thy adverse pernicious enemy.

Amazement, sb. (1 Pet. iii. 6). Confusion or bewilderment of mind from whatever cause; not, as now, simply astonishment. The O. E. form 'amay' for ‘amaze' connects the latter with the Fr. s'esmaier and It. smagare and the root of dismay. Amaze is further akin to the Prov. esmagar through the provincial French s'esméger. Diez refers the forms smagare and esmagare to the Gothic root magan, to be able, with the negative particle (Wedgwood, Dict. of Eng. Etym.). With the two forms amay and amaze may be compared apay and appease, allay and allegge.

Alas! what sorrow, what amasement, what shame was in Amphialus, when he saw his deere foster father, find him the killer of his onely sonue? Sidney, Arcadia, p. 40, l. 29.

Ambassage, sb. (2 Chron. xxxii. cont.; Luke xiv. 32; 1 Macc. xiv. 23). An embassy. The root of the word is doubtful. It is immediately from the It. ambasciata, which again is from the Med. Lat. ambascia, ambactia, and this is connected with the Gothic andbahts, a servant

*

6

(comp. ambactus, Cæs. B. G. VI. 15), A. S. ambiht, and Germ. ampt. In A. S. ambiht-sæcg is an ambassador. Like the more modern embassy,' ambassage is used both of the mission of an ambassador, and of the persons through whom the mission is sent.

But now for the fault of unpreaching prelates... They are so troubled with lordly living, they be so placed in palaces, couched in courts, ruffling in their rents, dancing in their dominions, burdened with ambassages.. that they cannot attend to it. Latimer, Serm. p. 67.

Before his throne as on ambassage sent.

Spenser, Mother Hubberd's Tale, 1. 472. Yonder men are too many for an ambassage, and too few for a fight. Bacon, Ess. XXIX.

In Shakespeare it occurs in the form 'embassage.'
Their herald is a pretty knavish page,

That well by heart hath conn'd his embassage.

Love's Labour's Lost, v. 2.

Ambush; sb. (Josh. viii. 2). Men lying in ambush. The verb is derived from the Fr. embuscher, Prov. emboscar, which are from It. bosco, Prov. bosc, a bush, thicket. The ambush then let fly

Slew all their white fleec'd sheep and neat.

Chapman, Hom. I. XVIII. 479.

Ambushment, sb. (2 Chr. xiii. 13; xx. 22). An

ambuscade.

Judas, the twelfth,... was providing among the bishops and priests to come with an ambushment of Jews, to take our Saviour Jesu Christ. Latimer, Serm. p. 217.

Marcellus was intrapped and slaine, by an ambushment lying in wayte for him. Marcellus insidiis interfectus est. Cic. Baret, Alvearie.

'Bushment' is used in the same sense by Latimer (Serm. p. 220); compare Gower, Conf. Am. 1. p. 349.

Horestes wist it by a spie

And of his men a great partie
He made in busshement abide.