Challenge, v.t. (Ex. xxii. 9). To claim.

I am a subject, and I challenge law.

Shakespeare, Rich. II. II. 3.

He is a good one, and his worthiness
Does challenge much respect.

Id. Othello, II. 1.

In Shakespeare (1 Hen. VI. v. 4), 'challenge' is used as a substantive in the sense of 'claim.'

Of benefit proceeding from our king,
And not of any challenge of desert.

Chambering, sb. (Rom. xiii. 13). Latimer in his remarks on this passage thus explains the word:

St Paul useth this word 'chambering;' for when folks will be wanton, they get themselves in corners. Rem. p. 18.

And again;

By this word chambering' understand the circumstances of whoredom and lechery and filthy living, which St Paul forbiddeth here. Ibid.

Chamberer, originally a chamberlain, is used by Shakespeare to denote a person of luxurious and sensual habits: Haply, for I am black

And have not those soft parts of conversation
That chamberers have.

Othello, III. 3.

Champaign, sb. (Deut. xi. 30; Ez. xxxvii. 2 m.). From Lat. campus, a plain,' through Fr. champagne and It. campagna. Other modes of spelling are champian, champain, and champion.

For, nothwithstandinge to the beholder afarre of it appearethe verie champion and plaine, neverthelesse it hathe manye hills. Pol. Vergil, I. p. 4.

Called also Trachonitis, of the roughnesse of the mountains, because y countrey is ful of vphilles and downehilles, and almost

Lo parte of it euen, or plain chaumpian ground. Udal's Eras-
mus, Luke, fol. 41 r.

Of all these bounds, even from this line to this,
With shadowy forests and with champains rich'd,
We make thee lady.

Shakespeare, King Lear, I, 1.

Champian, sb. (Ez. xxxvii. 2 m.). The old form of 'champaign' in the ed. of 1611.

Daylight and champian discovers not more.

Shakespeare, Twelfth Night, 11. 5 (ed. 1623).

Champion, sb. (Deut. xi. 30). The old form of the N preceding in the ed. of 1611.

Good land that is severall, crops may have three,
In champion country, it may not so be.
Tusser, Oct. Husbandry.

Chance, v.i. (1 Cor. xv. 37). The verb is formed from the noun 'chance,' which is itself derived through the Fr. chance, O. Fr. chéance from cheoir Lat. cadere, 'to fall,' as asseoir from assidere. Hence 'to happen,' 'befall.'

=

I may chance have some odd quirks and remnants of wit broken on me. Shakespeare, Much Ado, 11. 3.

In the same way 'accident' from Lat. accidere is from the same root.

It may chance cost some of us our lives.

Shakespeare, 2 Hen. IV. II. 1.

In Old English cas Fr. cas, Lat. casus, was used in the sense of chance: so in Gower, Conf. Am. I. p. 291,

How that whilom Tiresias
As he walkend goth par cas
Upon an high mountein, &c.

Where parcas = perchance, Lat. casu, from the same

root cadere.

Chanel-bone, sb. (Job xxxi. 22 m.). An old term for the collar-bone. The word is found both in the form chanell bone and cannel bone. Thus in Hall's Anatomy (1565) the first chapter of the Second part is 'Of the shoulder and the chanell bone,' while in the text (p. 60) it is described as follows:

In the former parte of the shoulder, is ordained a bone called Clauis, or Iugulum, in Greke Cleis, and in English y furcule or canel bone, which is tyed with the broade bone, beinge the seconde of the iii. bones of the shoulder.

Changeable, adj. (Is. iii. 2). In the passive sense of 'that which may be changed,' a meaning not now common.

Chapiter, sb. (Ex. xxxvi. 38; 1 Kin. vii. 16, &c.; Amos ix. 1; Zeph. ii. 14). The capital of a column; Fr. chapitre.

In the middes of the Kinges palace was a marble piller reysed hollowe vppon steppes, on the toppe whereof was a gilte Egle placed, vnder whose feete in the chapiter of the piller, diuers kindes of wine came gushing forth, at four seuerall places.

Holinshed, Chron. p. 1006, col. 2.

Chapman, sb. (2 Chr. ix. 14). A. S. ceápmann, G. kaufmann, a merchant. The A. S. ceap, 'price, sale, goods, cattle,' is connected with Goth. kaupon and G. kaufen, 'to buy; and from the same root are derived cheap, chop, chaffer.

In Surrie dwelled whilom a companye
Of chapmen riche, and therto sad and trewe.

Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale, 4555.

You do as chapmen do,

Dispraise the thing that you desire to buy.

Shakespeare, Tr. and Cr. III. 1.

Put off others cunningly that would be better chapmen.

Bacon, Ess. XXXIV. p. 146.

Nashe uses the word chapmanable:

Whether he be merchant and chapmanable or no. the Night.

Terrors of

Chapmanhode is found both in Chaucer (Man of Law's Tale, 4563), and Gower (Conf. Am. 1. p. 262).

Chapt, sb. (Jer. xiv. 4). Cracked; not now used of the ground.

The earth chappeth, or goeth a sunder for drougth. Dissilit omne solum. Ouid. Baret, Alvearie.

Chapped, clouen or chinked. Scissus, Hiulcus, Fissus. Ibid.

Charet, sb. (Ex. xiv. 6, 7, &c.). The old form of 'chariot' in the ed. of 1611; Fr. charette. It is retained from the Geneva version, for the form 'chariot' was common in 1611, as appears from Cotgrave (Fr. Dict.); 'Charette: f. A chariot, or waggon.' Adonijah, says

Latimer,

Woulde not consent to his fathers frendes but gat him a charret, and men to runne before it. Serm. fol. 32 b (ed. 1571).

Charge, to give a (2 Macc. xi. 11). To charge.

And Muræna following king Tigranes at the heeles, spied an occasion to give the charge as he passed a long and narrow vally. North's Plutarch, Lucullus, p. 558.

Notwithstanding, their number continually increased, which this wise knight Monseigneur de Contay perceiuing, came and told his master the Earle of Charolois, that if he would obteine the victorie it was time to give the charge. Commines, trans. Danett, p. 12.

Then the people of the towne who kept common watch and ward, not knowing of this secrete deuise, were greatly terrified therewith, in so much that they taking weapon in hand, began to give a charge against the castell. Stow, Annals, p. 389.

Charge, to give in (1 Tim. v. 7). To charge, commission.

Porter, remember what I gave in charge;

And when you have done so, bring the keys to me.
Shakespeare, I Hen. VI. 1. 3.

Charge, Charges, sb. (Acts xxi. 24; 1 Cor. ix. 7). From Lat. carrus 'a car' are derived carica 'a ship of burden' and carricare 'to load;' whence E. cargo, and Fr. charger, ‘to load.' A 'charge' is therefore something laid on, a burden, impost, commission; and in the above passages 'cost, expense.' Thus,

The leves weren faire and large,
Of fruit it bore so ripe a charge,
That alle men it mighte fede.

Gower, Conf. Am. I. p. 137.

Unnethes ariseth he out of sinne that is charged with the charge of evil usage. Chaucer, Parson's Tale.

His helmet, farre aboue a garlands charge.

Surrey, Sonnet on Sardanapalus.

From this primary meaning of 'burden,' 'load,' the special sense of 'cost, expense' is easily derived.

If the revenues and yearly rents of thy patrimony be not enough nor sufficient for thy finding, and will not suffice thy charges, then moderate thy expenses. Latimer, Serm. p. 108.

To be at part of the charges. In partem impensæ venire. Baret, Alvearie. Hence 'charge' in the sense of 'accusation,' and the phrase 'to lay to one's charge,'=' to charge, accuse' (Ps. XXXV. II).

Yet hear I not that his ordinary layeth any contempt to my charge, or yet doth trouble the curate. Latimer, Rem. p. 324.

Chargeable, adj. (2 Sam. xiii. 25; 1 Thess. ii. 9, &c.). From charge, in its original sense of 'a load, burden,' is derived chargeable, burdensome.' The original words in the above passages involve the idea of weight, heaviness.