of 1900 Bum had become totally blind. This, of course, has made further tests of activity and strength either impossible or useless. For the past season he has also been the only dog in the kennel to suffer from eczema. This has involved large tracts of the skin, and has been difficult to heal or control. Both these afflictions have contributed to give to Bum the appearance of an old feeble dog, while Nig is still in the prime of health and vigor.

alcoholic dogs have They have been, if easily controlled in

On the side of general intelligence the been in no wise inferior to their mates. anything, more teachable and much more learning the few things necessary to their education.

A striking result of the entire research, and one entirely unexpected on account of the small doses of alcohol given, has been the extreme timidity of the alcoholic dogs. Magnan obtained a similar result with his dog, more extreme, because he gave large amounts of alcohol. While able to hold their own with the other dogs in the kennel, the least thing out of the ordinary caused practically all the alcoholic dogs to exhibit fear, where the others evinced only curiosity or interest. Whistles and bells, in the distance, never ceased to throw them into a panic in which they howled and yelped while the normal dogs simply barked. This holds true of all the dogs that had alcohol in any amount. During the first year of the experiment Bum had a number of paroxysms of causeless fear with some evidence of hallucinations. He would apparently start at some imaginary object, and go into a fit of howling.

This point is well illustrated by photographs taken on the same day and under exactly similar conditions. (Figs. 14-17.) It would seem from all the evidence that we are dealing with one of the profound physiological causes of fear, having wide applications to its phenomena in man. Fear is commonly recognized as a characteristic feature in alcoholic insanity, and delirium tremens is the most terrible fear psychosis known. We should naturally look for its effects in the cells of the brain itself, and the researches of Dehio, Berkley, and Stewart all point to alterations in various staining reactions in these cells.

With the discontinuance of alcohol in the diet the more acute features of this reaction have subsided, leaving, however, the characteristic timidity as a habit of life that does not seem to wholly fade out.

It remains to discuss the reproductive histories of our animals and the influence of alcohol upon their progeny, and here we find the most definite results of the entire research.

The first three sexual periods are indicated by interconnecting lines upon the growth chart, Fig. 6, and stars in the course of Topsy's and Tipsy's curves give the number of whelps. At the first period Topsy conceived normally, while Tipsy did not. This may be interpreted as an effect of alcohol in retarding development of the sexual organs, but it occurs rather too often in kennels to be insisted upon.

Topsy's small frame made whelping extremely difficult, and she died as a result of this and lack of proper assistance in time. At the next period, Tipsy is seen to conceive normally, giving birth to seven whelps. Two of these were hare-lipped, and two were born dead. There were four whelps apparently normal in every respect. In Tipsy's next litter, seven in number, three were deformed, two were born dead, and the others proved non-viable.2 The next litter, of six, had three deformed, two born dead, and all non-viable. Alcohol was discontinued at the beginning of the next gestation in order to ascertain whether the excess of deformity and especially the non-viability of the offspring were a direct nutritional influence of alcohol upon development of embryos in utero or attributable to its more general effects upon the maternal organism as a whole. This litter consisted of three whelps, all perfectly formed, but all born dead, and, in spite of very prompt assistance and the best care possible, Tipsy died with them.4

On the side of the normal pair there is nothing out of the ordinary to be remarked. There have been eight litters born

1 It is commonly recognized in kennel management that undersized bitches are likely to give trouble in this way. It was, moreover, my first experience of the kind, necessary assistance was delayed until it was too late.

2 Milk appeared normal in quality and abundance, but the whelps refused to suck.

3 Bum had been used for service of bitches in other kennels with uniformly normal results.

At autopsy the walls of the uterus were found to be extremely thin and much infiltrated with fat. Whether this latter condition is to be attributed to alcohol or to the post-partem fever must remain for pathologists to decide. It was not present in the similar case of Topsy I.