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3. Leathery (coriaceus, † alutaceus); having the consistence of leather; as the leaves of Pothos acaulis, Prunus Laurocerasus, and others.

4. Crustaceous (crustaceus); hard, thin, and brittle; as the testa of Asparagus, or of Passiflora.

5. Cartilaginous (cartilagineus); hard and tough; as the testa of an apple-seed.

6. Loose (laxus); of a soft cellular texture, as the pith of most plants. The name is derived from the parts of the substance appearing as if not in a state of cohesion.

7. Scarious (scariosus); having a thin, dry, shrivelled appearance; as the involucral leaves of many species of Centaurea. 8. Corky (suberosus); having the texture of the substance called cork; as the bark of Ulmus suberosa.

9. Coated (corticatus); harder externally than internally. 10. Spongy (spongiosus); having the texture of a sponge; that is to say, very cellular, with the cellules filled with air; as the coats of many seeds.

11. Horny (corneus); hard, and very close in texture, but capable of being cut without difficulty, the parts cut off not being brittle; as the albumen of many plants.

12. Oleaginous (oleaginosus); fleshy in substance, but filled with oil.

13. Bony (osseus); hard, and very close in texture, not cut without difficulty, the parts cut off being brittle; as the stone of a peach.

14. Fleshy (carnosus); firm, juicy, easily cut.

15. Waxy (ceraceus, cereus); having the texture and colour of new wax; as the pollen masses of particular kinds of Orchis.

16. Woody (lignosus, ligneus); having the texture of wood. 17. Thick (crassus); something more thick than usual. Leaves, for instance, are generally papery in texture; the leaves of cotyledons, which are much more fleshy, are called thick. 18. Succulent (succulentus); very cellular and juicy; as the stems of Stapelias.

19. Gelatinous (gelatinosus); having the texture and appearance of jelly; as Ulvas, and similar things.

20. Fibrous (fibrosus); containing a great proportion of loose woody fibre; as the rind of a cocoa-nut.

21. Medullary, or pithy († medullosus); filled with spongy pith.

22. Mealy (farinaceus); having the texture of flour in a mass; as the albumen of Wheat.

23. Tartareous (tartareus); having a rough crumbling surface; like the thallus of some Lichens.

24. Berried (baccatus); having a juicy succulent texture; as the calyx of Blitum.

25. Herbaceous (herbaceus); thin, green, and cellular; as the tissue of membranous leaves.

5. Of Size.

Most of the terms which relate to this quality are the same as those in common use; and, being employed in precisely the same sense, do not need explanation. But there are a few which have a particular meaning attached to them, and are not much known in common language. These are,

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1. Dwarf (nanus, pumilus, pygmæus); small, short, dense, as compared with other species of the same genus, or family. Thus, Myosotis nana is not more than half an inch high; while the other species are much taller.

2. Very small (pusillus, perpusillus); the same as the last, except that a general reduction of size is understood, as well as dwarfishness.

3. Low (humilis); when the stature of a plant is not particularly small, but much smaller than of other kindred species. Thus, a tree twenty feet high may be low, if the other species of its genus are forty or fifty feet high.

4. Depressed (depressus); broad and dwarf, as if, instead of growing perpendicularly, the growth had taken place horizontally; as some species of Cochlearia, Coronopus Ruellii, and many others.

5. Little (exiguus); this is generally used in opposition to large, and means small in all parts, but well proportioned. 6. Tall (elatus, procerus); this is said of plants which are taller than their parts would have led one to expect.

7. Lofty (exaltatus); the same as the last, but in a greater degree.

8. Gigantic (giganteus); tall, but stout and well proportioned.

To this class must also be referred words or syllables expressing the proportion which one part bears to another.

1. Isos, or equal, placed before the name of an organ, indicates

that it is equal in number to that of some other understood: thus, isostemonous is said of plants the stamens of which are equal in number to the petals. De Cand.

2. Anisos, or unequal, is the reverse of the latter: thus, anisostemonous would be said of a plant the stamens of which are not equal in number to the petals.

3. † Meios, or less, prefixed to the name of an organ, indicates that it is something less than some other organ understood: thus, meiostemonous would be said of a plant the stamens of which are fewer in number than the petals.

4. Duplo, triplo, &c., or double, triple, &c., signify that the organs to the name of which they are prefixed are twice or thrice as numerous or large as those of some other.

The terms which express measures of length are the following:

*

1. A hair's breadth (capillus, its adjective capillaris); the twelfth part of a line.

2. A line (linea, adj. linealis); the twelfth part of an inch.

3. A nail (unguis); half an inch, or the length of the nail of the little finger.

4. An inch (pollex, uncia; adj. pollicaris, uncialis); the length of the first joint of the thumb.

5. A small span (spithama, adj. spithamæus); seven inches, or the space between the thumb and the fore-finger separated as widely as possible.

6. A palm (palmus, adj. palmaris); three inches, or the breadth of the four fingers of the hand.

7. A span (dodrans, adj. dodrantalis); nine inches, or the space between the thumb and the little finger separated as widely as possible.

8. A foot (pes, adj. pedalis); twelve inches, or the length of a tall man's foot.

9. A cubit (cubitus, adj. cubitalis); seventeen inches, or the distance between the elbow and the tip of the fingers.

10. An ell (ulna, brachium ; adj. ulnaris, brachialis); twenty-four inches, or the length of the arm.

11. A toise (orgya, adj. orgyalis); six feet, or the ordinary height of man.

12. Sesqui. This term, prefixed to the Latin name of a measure, shows that such measure exceeds its due length by one half: thus, sesquipedalis means a foot and a half.

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15.

T000

1000

A decimetre=3 French inches, eight lines, 20 16. A metre=3 feet, 11 lines,

English.

French; or, 39.371 inches

Obs. The last four terms are French measures, which are rarely used, and for which no equivalent Latin terms are employed.

6. Of Duration.

The terms in ordinary use to express the absolute period of duration of a plant are sufficiently precise for common purposes, but are too inaccurate to be longer admitted within the pale of science. I have, therefore, adopted the phraseology of De Candolle, as far as relates to words expressive of the actual term of vegetable existence.

1. Monocarpous; bearing fruit but once, and dying after fructification; as Wheat. Some live but one year, and are called annuals: the term of the existence of others is prolonged to two years; these are biennials: others live for many years before they flower, but die immediately afterwards; as the Agave americana. The latter have no English name. Annuals are indicated by the signs or ; biennials by ♂ or 2; and the others by .

2. Polycarpous (better sychnocarpous); having the power of y bearing fruit many times without perishing. Of this there

are two forms:

A. Caulocarpous, or those whose stem endures many years,
constantly bearing flowers and fruits; as trees and shrubs..
The sign of these is ↳.

B. Rhizocarpous, or those whose root endures many years,
but whose stems perish annually; as herbaceous plants.
The sign of these is 24.

3. Hysteranthous; when leaves appear after flowers; as the
Almond, Tussilago fragrans, &c.

4. † Synanthous; when flowers and leaves appear at the same time.

5. † Proteranthous; when the leaves appear before the flowers. 6. Double-bearing (biferus); when any thing is produced twice

in one season.

7. Often-bearing († multiferus); when any thing is produced several times in one season.

Besides the foregoing, those that follow require expla

nation:

1. Of an hour (horarius); which endures for an hour or two only; as the flowers of Talinum, Cistus, &c.

2. Of a day (ephemerus, † diurnus); which endures but a day, as the flower of Tigridia. Biduus is said of things that endure two days; and triduus, three days.

3. Of a night (nocturnus); which appears during the night, and perishes before morning; as the flowers of the night-blooming Cereus.

4. Of a month (menstrualis, † menstruus); which last for a month. Bimestris is said of things that exist for two months; trimestris, for three months.

5. Yearly (annotinus); that which has the growth of a year. Thus rami annotini are branches a year old.

6. Of the same year (hornus), is said of any thing the produce of the year. Thus rami horni would be branches not a year old.

7. Deciduous (deciduus); finally falling off; as the calyx and corolla of Cruciferæ.

8. Caducous (caducus); falling off very early; as the calyx of the Poppy.

9. Persistent (persistens, † restans, Linn.); not falling off, but remaining green until the part which bears it is wholly matured; as the leaves of evergreen plants, the calyx of Labiatæ and others.

10. Withering, or fading (marcescens); not falling off until the part which bears it is perfected, but withering long before that time; as the flowers of Orobanche.

11. Fugacious (fugax); falling off, or perishing very rapidly; as many minute Fungi, the petals of Cistus, &c.

12. Permanent (perennans); not different from persistent: it is generally applied to leaves.

13. Perennial (perennis); lasting for several years.

7. Of Colour.

The most useful books to consult for the distinctions of colours are Syme's Book of Colours, and the chromatic scalein the Duke of Bedford's publication upon Ericas.

The best practical arrangement of colours, as applied to

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