CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

THE URINE.

Normal States of the Urine.

Importance and peculiar Functions of the Kidneys

Similar or analogous Organs in all Animals

Kidneys in Birds, Amphibia, and Fishes

An Excretion analogous to Urine in Insects and Mollusca

An analogous Function in Vegetables

Experiments of Schuebler and Zeller

Nitrogen thrown off by the Kidneys

Decomposed parts of the living Body ejected by the Kidneys, in connexion
with the Lungs and Liver

Constituents of the Egesta correspondent to those of the Ingesta

Constituents of the Excretions and of the Skin, also of Food, Drink, and

Oxygen consumed

Derangements in the Processes described, by loss of healthy action
These apparent in the Character of the Egesta, especially in the Urine
Importance of a Knowledge of the Constituents of the Urine in Health

and in Disease

Derangement of Secretion of Urine in Diseases of the Bladder and Prostate
Gland

Alterations to which the Urine is liable

Constituents of Healthy Urine

Quantity of Urine secreted

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The Urinometer (engraving)

Table of the Specific Gravity of solid Extract in Urine

Variations in the Density of Urine

The Chemical Constituents of Healthy Urine

Tabular Analysis by Berzelius

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Quantity of Urea separated by the Kidneys from the Blood

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Derivation of Urea-Prout, Liebig

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Urea derived from metamorphosis of Gelatinous Tissues (Prout)

Abnormal states of Urea

Drs. Bence Jones, Golding Bird, Prout, and Lehmann on Uric Acid

Acidity of Urine

Experiments of Dr. Bence Jones on

Acidity of Urine after Animal and Vegetable Food compared

Effect of Sulphuric and Tartaric Acids on the Acidity of the Urine

Acidity of the Urine depending on the State of the Stomach

Dr. Golding Bird on the mode in which Uric Acid exists in healthy Urine

Uric Acid in the Blood (Garrod)

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Microscopic appearances of Urate of Ammonia (engraving)

Proportion of Urate of Ammonia present not indicated by the amount of

Urate of Soda

Microscopic appearance of Urate of Soda (engraving)

The disintegration of Tissues and Nitrogenized Food two great sources of

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Deficiency of Uric Acid in Chronic Disease of Excessive Debility

Urinary Calculi an Effect of the Formation of Uric Acid in Excess

Curative Means where Uric Acid is in Excess

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Doubtful whether Lactic Acid and its Salts are ordinary constituents of

the Urine (Berzelius, Simon, Lehmann, Marchand, Becquerel,

Heintz)

Hippuric Acid (Rouelle, Liebig, Berzelius)

Hippuric Acid Crystals (engraving)

Urine containing an Excess of Hippuric Acid

Chevreul first noticed Creatine in the Flesh-juice of Animals

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First discovery of Creatine and Creatinine in Urine by Dr. Pettenkofer

Composition of Creatine and Creatinine

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Mucus; Epithelial Debris invariably present in the Urine

Supposition that Alkaline Urine is among the Symptoms of Spinal Disease

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Irritation of the Passages an essential Cause of Increase in the Quantity

of Mucus in the Urine

Treatment of Irritation of the Urinary Passages

Non-azotized Substances; Colouring Matters

The Uroxanthine of Heller in reality a Biliary Colouring Matter present

Fatty Matter in the Urine Pathognomonic of Granular Disease of the Kidney

Salts of the Urine

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The Kidneys one of two exclusive channels by which incombustible sub-
stances are thrown off from the Body

Comparison of Vegetable and Animal Feeders in respect to the Acidity or

Alkalinity of the Urine

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Sulphates in the Urine

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Difference between the Sulphur in the Blood and in the Urine

Whence the requisite Oxygen is supplied for the Oxidization of the Sul-

phur in the fluid passed by the Kidneys

Whether Urine contains Sulphur in any other form than that of Sulphuric

Acid

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Sulphate of Potash and Sulphate of Lime in Normal Urine

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Chlorides in the Urine

Chlorine never developed in Animal Bodies

Where Chlorine exists it is in combination with Sodium, Potassium, or

Hydrogen and Ammonia

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Crystals of Chloride of Sodium (engraving)

Phosphates in the Urine

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Phosphorus exists in the Urine only in the state of Acid

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The connexion of Phosphorus with the Animal Economy

Berzelius's Analysis of the Phosphates in Urine

The Chemical Character and Constitution of the Phosphates

The Phosphates of Soda most abundant in the Urine

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Conclusions of Dr. Bence Jones on the variations of the Earthy Phosphates

in Urine

Carbonate of Lime, Fluoride of Calcium, and Silicic Acid in the Urine

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Lime a principal constituent of some Urinary Calculi

The formation of Oxalic Acid in the living body a cause of the Oxalate of

Magnesia a principal ingredient of certain Urinary Calculi

Triple Phosphate Crystals (engraving)

Character of Albuminous Urine

Under what circumstances Albumen appears in the Urine

The Microscope necessary for this investigation

Red Globules in Albuminous Urine

Blood Globules rarely discovered in Urine except when Albumen is

present

Symptoms of Congestion of the Cortical Structure of the Kidneys

Blood Globules without Fibrinous Coats

These a result of Calculus in the Bladder

Pus Globules in the Urine with Albumen indicative of Suppurative Inflam-

mation

Symptoms of Degeneration of the Kidney

Presence or absence of Albumen a sign of great importance

To be distinguished from Mucus

Blood diffused through the Urine

Exudation from the Mucous Surface of the Urinary Organs

Blood mixed with Pus or Mucus denotes Ulceration of the Kidney or

Bladder

Dr. Willis, on Hæmaturia

Hæmaturia Endemic.

Spermatozoa in Urine

Commonly present without co-existence of Albumen

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