BRODAN, dilatare, broad, board, brid, bird.
SEACAN, to shake, shoke, quatere.

"He SHOKE his eares."

DEMAN, judicare, to judge, deem, doom.

SIR T. MORE.

"Whan I DEME DOMES, and do as trouth teacheth!"

V. OF P. P.

BREDAN, fovere, to cherish, breed, brood, bride, brat. TELLAN, to sell, sale, retail, vendere. To sell by sale, that is, by enumeration. RETAIL, sold over again.

HENTAN, capere, to take hold of, hand, hint, handle.

· His richt hand has scho HYNT the hare.

DOUGLAS.

JERMAN, lædere, to hurt-harm.

From the past participle hrof comes

HRAEFAN, sustinere.

ROOF.

WEFAN, texere, to weave-woof, weft.

FIOGLAN, Volare, to fly-FOWL by metathesis.

FEOGAN, to tug, niti-tooth.

NYMAN, capere, to seize-num, benumb.

FENGAN, prehrendere, to catch, fang, fingr.
SPECAN, to speak, loqui-speech.

THECAN, tegere, to cover, thack, thatch.

'A well built gentleman; but poorly THATCHT.

BEAUMONT AND FLETCHER.

HANGAN, pendere, to hang, hank, haunch, hinge.

The same body that HANKYD upon the crose.'

JOHAN HOPER.

The different final pronunciation, either of k, ch, or ge, is common throughout the language-as is exemplified. Wræstan, torquere, to wrest, wrist, handwrist, wrest.

“And Guyon's shield about his wrest he bond'.
FAERIE QUEENE.

Lengian, extendere, to extend, long, length.
Slefan, induere, to cover, sleeve.

• SLEEVELESS means without a cover or pretence.'

Beddian, sternere, to scatter, bed.

Nesan, visitare, to visit frequently, to haunt, nest.

• Out of the Almightie's bosom, where he NESTS.'

MAWAN, metere, to mow, mead, meadow.
GAEGGIAN, to confine, to shut in, obserare.

wages, gag, keg, key, quay.

SPENCER.

Hence cage, gage,

GRAFAN, fodere, to dig, grave, grove, groove, graft, grot, grotto. '-my maister Chaucers nowe is graue.'

LYDGATE.

SCEADAN, separare, to separate, shadow, shaw, shed.
• Hantit to ryn in woddis and in SCHAWIS.'
MENGAN, miscere, to mix, meany, many.

'HOW MANY a message would he send.'

Ye spend a great MEANY of wordes in vayne.'

DOUGLAS.

SWIFT.

BISHOP GARDINER.

-of the Grekis MENYE (company) ane am I.'

In nowmer war they but ane FEW MENYE,
Bot they war quyk and valyeant in melle.'

RECAN, exhalare, to reek, rack, wraych, recke.
Leave not a RACKE behind.'

- I have cut through empty air,

Far swifter than the sayling RACK that gallops
Upon the wings of angry winds.'

It is as hateful to me as the REEKE of a lime-kill.'

DOUGLAS.

DOUGLA

TEMPEST.

MERRY WIves of Windsor.

HAMLET.

A pair of REEKIE kisses.'

The winds as well as colours have their denomination from Some circumstances attending them.

YRSIAN, irasci. to rage-East, Yesty.

The wynd, cleped North Eest, or wynd of tempest.'

WESAN, macerare, to wet, WEST.
NYRWAN, coarctare, to confine closely, North, Nord.

Frosts that CONSTRAIN the ground.'

DEDS

DRYDEN.

SEOWAN, Coquere, to seethe, south, soth, sod, sodden, suds.

Peter fyshed for hys foode, and his fellowe Andrewe, Some they sold and some they soтH, and so they lived both.' There is another method of shortening communication by artificial substantives.

Mirth, that which dissipateth care, sorrow, melancholy,' from MYRRAN, to dissipate, disperse, dissipare-murrain, morra.

When substantives in th assert a passive sense, they are mostly formed from adjectives, when an active sense, from the third person singular of verbs.

SEE MONTHLY REYIEW, No. 3, VOL. 72, p. 83. TREOWAN, to think, to believe firmly, to be thoroughly persuaded of, to trow, troweth, trowth, troth-persuasum esse. The past tense was anciently written trew, so, blew, knew, grew, &c.

In kepynge TREWE tutche and promesse in bargaynynge.'

ROBERT WHYTINTON.

DERIAN, nocere, laedere, to hurt, to dere, make dear, dearth. 'Would I had met my dearest foe in heaven,

Ere I had ever seen that day.'

DRIGAN, arescere, to dry, drought, drugs, drith.
'DRITH greueth the body.'

METIAN, edere, to eat, mouth, moth.

HAMLET.

CASTEL OF HEALTH.

FAEGAN, pangere, to engage, to covenant, FAITH.
Englande was learned the faieth of Christ."

ERIAN, arare, to plough, to ere, eare, earth.

'He that ERITH, owith to ERE in hope.' '-, Tellus, maist noble god of Erd.'

WYRCAN, operari, to work, Wright.

DR. MACKIE.

Work, the regular past tense of this verb, by the addition of the participial termination ed, became worked, work'd, work. Our ancestors by substituting h for k or c, wrote worht, and by transposition, wroht, which we now write wrought.

For Wirceth our ancestors wrote wyrht, and by transposition wryht, which with us is wright.

There are many words which have totally cast off all the letters of the discriminating termination.

Roomth was the favourite term of Drayton, and blowth was the common expression of Sir Walter Raleigh.

'Whose most renowned acts shall sounded be as long

As Britain's name is known, which spred themselves so wide
As scarcely hath for fame left any ROOMTH beside.'

DRAYTON.

This first age after the flood was, by ancient historians, called Golden, ambition and covetousness being as then but green and nearly groun up; the seeds and effects whereof were as yet but potential, and iu the BLOWTH and bud.'

Elan, inflammare, to inflame, ALE.
Ale was in the Anglo-Saxon ŒLOTH.

SIR WALTER RALEIGH.

The Anglo-Saxons had many terms, of which we have not in our language any trace left.

Gretan, to satisfy, satisfacere, gryth.

'Christ sayd; Qui gladio percutit

With swerd shall dye.

He bad his priestes peace and GRYTH.'

DUGAN, valere, fortis, to be valiant.

DOUGHTY dedes-præclara facta, illustrious deeds.

CHAUCER.

ADJECTIVE.

An ADJECTIVE denotes any substance or attribute, not by itself, but as conjoined with a subject, or pertaining to its character.

It is by no means a necessary part of speech, for it is resolvable into the name of the thing implied, and any term of reference or conjunction, as of, with. Thus, "a prudent man," "is equivalent to a man with," or "join prudence," or to "a man of prudence."

"In English, instead of ADJECTIVING our own substantives, we have borrowed, in immense numbers, ADJECTIVED signs from other languages; without borrowing the UNADJECTIVED signs of those same ideas; because our authors frequently found they had occasion for the former, but not for the latter. And, not understanding the nature of language, or the nature of the very benefat they were receiving; they did not, as they might and should have done, improve their own language by the same contrivance within itself; but borrowed from other languages abbreviations ready made to their hands.'

Thus they have incorporated in the English-for The Substantives

Child
Boy

Man

Woman

Mind

Birth

Life

Alms

The Foreign Adjectives.

Infant, Infantine.

Puerile.

Virile, Human, Masculine, Male.
Female, Feminine, Effiminate.

Mental, Magnanimous, Pusillanimous, Un-
animous.

Natal, Native.

Vital, Vivacious, Vivid, Amphibious.
Eleemosynary.

Alms itself became an Adjective by successive corruptions of ELEEMOSYNE, long before its Adjective was required; having successively exhibited itself as Almosine, Almosie, Almose, Almes, and finally Alms.

The adoption of such words as these was indeed a benefit, and an improvement of our language; which, however, would have been more properly obtained by ADJECTIVING our own words. For, as the matter now stands, when a poor Foreigner has learned all the names of things in the English tongue, he must go to other languages for a multitude of the ADJECTIVED names of the SAME THINGS. And even an unlearned native can never understand the meaning of one quarter of that which is called his native tongue.'

We have not in English an instance of the FUTURE TENSE ADJECTIVE, except the word Future.

About to do, or is to do, is a lame expression for Facturum. Our old translators expressed this FUTURE Abbreviation thus, Thou that ART TO COMYNGE.'

The Future Infinitive in Saxon, terminated in nge, was always preceded by To, and it answered to gerunds, supines, and future participles.

'Christ Jhesu that IS TO DEMYNGE the quyke and deed." 2d TIM. CAP. 4, VER. 1.

PARTICIPLE.

A PARTICIPLE is derived from a verb, and agrees with its primitive în denoting action, being, or suffering, but differs from it in this, that the participle implies no affirmation.

The termination ING is from the Anglo-Saxon ANDE, AENDE, ENDE, IND, ONDE, INDE, YNDE, and corresponds to the termination of the Latin gerunds in andum and endum, expressing continuation, as, Amandum, LufiANDE, Loving.

Version of the Gospels (14th century):- And, he prechyde SAYANDE,' he preached saying,

ResoundAND to the hevennis firmament,

Resounding to the heaven's firmament.

The terminations ENDE, (or and,) and ing coexisted in Anglo Saxon and Old English, as they still do in Dutch and German, the one used for forming what is called the Present Participle, and the other the verbal substantive.

The Participle is not now used as a Substantive. The Substantive is used as a Present Participle.

the tender flowris I saw

Under dame Naturis mantill lurkYNGlaw.
The small fowlis in flokkis saw 1 fle,

To Natnre makAND greit lamentatioun.'

SIR D. LINDSAY.

It was customary to use the PAST TENSE itself without any change of termination, instead of what is usually called the Past Participle.

• You might, however, have TOOK a fairer way.'

DRYDEN.

I do thankingis to God up on the unerrable, or, THAT MAY NOT BE TOLD, gifte of hym.'

ADMISSIBLE, INCORRIGIBLE, FORMIDABLE.

They who first introduced these POTENTIAL PASSIVE ADJECTIVES thought it necessary to explain them to their readers, and accordingly we find in the quotation (I do thankinges) the explanation THAT MAY NOT BE TOLD, accompanying the word UNERRABLE. The termination ABLE (or ible) is the Anglo Saxon or Gothic bal, Robur, strength.

Our ancient writers were led to adopt these words by their great practical convenience and usefulness, for they could not possibly be translated into English, but by a periphrasis.

All the abbreviations which we enjoy of the POTENTIAL AcTIVE ADJECTIVE, are either borrowed from the Latin, and then they terminate in IVE, as Purgative, &c., or they are borrowed from the Greek, and then they terminate in ic, as Emetic, &c.