is most beneficial in cases of a disordered state of the skin, difficulty in staling, bloody urine, and diseases of the organs of breathing.

Linseed Tea. This is 'convenient form to be given in illness, when it may replace water as a drink. It may be made by boiling half a pound of linseed in two gallons of water, for a couple of hours. The fluid should then be strained off and allowed to cool. Rice. In some parts of India, especially in Eastern Bengal, rice in husk, commonly called paddy (Hind. dhan), is much used. It is given raw and in a broken state. It forms a fairly good food. A mixture of one part of gram to two of rice is an excellent one for feeding purposes. Rice, without the husk, is quite unsuitable for horses.

Rice-water. This fluid (Hind. kanjee) is most useful in cases of superpurgation, &c. It may be prepared by boiling a pound of rice in two gallons of water, for a couple of hours. If time be of consequence, and boiled rice be at hand, a sufficient amount may be taken, and well macerated between the fingers in warm water, the whole being brought to the boil, and then allowed to cool.

Suttoo. This, mixed with water, is the Indian substitute for gruel. It is usually composed of finely ground parched gram and barley; but is sometimes made from Indian corn alone. It is given always in cold water, llb. to half a bucket being the usual proportions. The horse gets his suttoo and water usually before his morning feed. I have never been able to discover any benefit to arise from its constant use

Syces are very partial to the practice of giving it, but more for their own sakes than that of their horses.

Carrots-Contain but a small amount of nutriment compared to their bulk, hence they are inapplicable for forming a large proportion of the food of horses, which are called upon to do fast work. The good effects they produce on an animal's general health recommend their use. They come into season during the autumn, and may, with great benefit, be given in quantities of 6 or 7tbs. daily; 2 or 3lbs. will be sufficient for race-horses. Parsnips are almost as good as carrots. No other roots seem to be suitable to the horse, unless when given, in a boiled state, to animals used for slow draught.

"Carrots also improve the state of the skin. They form a good substitute for grass, and an excellent alterative for horses out of condition. To sick and idle horses they render corn unnecessary. They are beneficial in all chronic diseases of the organs connected with breathing, and have a marked influence upon chronic cough and broken wind. They are serviceable in diseases of the skin. In combination with oats, they restore a worn-out horse much sooner than oats alone." (Stewart.)

Dr. Voelcker points out, that the nutritive value of different root-crops depends largely upon their state of maturity; that unripe roots are not alone poor in sugar-hence their decreased value-but also contain a number of organic acids (notably oxalic acid), and imperfectly elaborated nitrogenous substances, which appear to be the cause of their unwholesomeness; that

the leaves of roots contain a far larger proportion of oxalic acid than does the root itself-hence the scouring effect produced by this poisonous acid when the leaves are given; and that moderate sized, well matured roots are infinitely more nutritious and wholesome than monster ones.

Grass and Hay.-I am convinced from long experience that the maintenance of good condition in the horse is much more dependant on the proper supply of grass, than on that of corn. If possible, only doob grasscalled hurryalee in Madras-should be used. It is that peculiar root-grass that grows on, or rather in the surface of most sandy soils, spreading itself as a creeper, so that it cannot be cut like the ordinary kind, but has to be rooted up (cheeled) with a sort of trowel, called in Hindustanee a kurpa. One or two days' drying in the sun will be sufficient to prepare it for horses doing fast work. In some districts it is necessary to convert a quantity of it into hay for consumption during the rains.

The grass, before being given, should be carefully picked, and beaten in order to get rid of the dust and earth that may adhere to its roots. The grasscutters should not be allowed to wash it, as they often do, before bringing it in, with the object of making it look fresh and green, and sometimes, to make it weigh heavy.

I have abridged the following remarks on grass and hay from a paper by M. L. Grandeau, which appeared in the "Journal d'Agriculture Pratique," and which was translated in the "Mark Lane Express."

Growing grass possesses a waxy envelope which pro

tects the sugar, albumen, and other soluble compounds contained in it from being dissolved by moisture and rain. When the grass is cut, this varnish gradually wears away, and if the grass be exposed to wet, it will then lose a considerable portion of its nutritive elements, especially if this envelope be bruised in any way. As long as the plant lives, fermentation cannot take place, which process is caused by the nitrogenous matters coming in contact with the sugar and water, on the breaking up of the different cells which compose the substance of the grass. During fermentation, the non-nitrogenous matters are turned into sugar, then into alcohol, and finally into carbonic acid, which is set free into the atmosphere in the form of gas. Thus "fodder which has been submitted to active fermentation generally loses its nutritive properties, because the materials destined for the production of flesh in animals is transformed into sugar, which destroys itself soon after." When grass is cut, "if the weather is fine and warm, so that desiccation takes place rapidly, the rate per cent. of damp soon falls so low that fermentation cannot take place. The hay remains upon the ground and cannot easily become heated, even though in reality it contains more water than fodder harvested in bad condition. The more rapidly hay is turned to the sun, the less it will be bruised, and the greener it is, the better it will resist fermentation when it is stored; nevertheless, it often happens that a too rapid preparation injures fodder, and in a good year hay appears to be saved in fine condition, when in reality it is not. If hay be completely dried in

the sun it never heats; a slight fermentation, far from being deleterious, is often very useful; in fact, we know that, in such a case, certain aromatic principles are produced which render fodder more sapid, and perhaps even more nourishing. As long as the green colour remains, the hay has lost none of its quality; when it is much heated, it turns brown. Some culti

vators prefer brown to green hay, and it is certain that the former frequently has more flavour and smell than the latter; but, though cattle prefer brown hay, it is not at all desirable to have sufficient moisture in the fodder at the time it is housed to turn it brown, because the loss resulting from fermentation is not counterbalanced by the slight aromatic sinell it acquires."

Grass lands, unless of exceptional richness, require to be manured in order to keep up the quality, as well as the quantity of the grass produced. Poor and impoverished land produces but very inferior fodder. On the other hand, as pointed out by Mr. H. S. Thompson (Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society, 1872), if land be treated with an excess of manure rich in nitrogenous matters, as guano and nitrate of soda, the luxuriant grass thus produced will be of inferior quality, and will prove unwholesome. The same remark applies to carrots and other roots.

Bamboo Leaves.-In some parts of Eastern Bengal these leaves are used as a substitute for grass; they seem to answer fairly well.

Lucern.-Lucern forms the best green crop for use during the hot weather: the seeds are readily procur