mand over his tenants, and perhaps to sacrifice the produce of a considerable portion of his land in order to encourage more game, and to indulge, with more effect and less interruption, in the pleasures of the chase. Thirty or forty proprietors, with incomes answering to between one thousand and five thousand a year, would create a much more effective demand for wheaten bread, good meat, and manufactured products, than a single proprietor possessing a hundred thousand a year. It is physically possible, indeed, for a nation, with a comparatively small body of very rich proprietors, and a large body of very poor workmen, to push both the produce of the land and manufactures to the greatest extent that the resources and ingenuity of the country would admit. Perhaps under such a division of property the powers of production might be rendered the greatest possible; but, in order to call them forth, we must suppose a passion among the rich for the consumption of manufactures, and the results of productive labour, much more excessive than has ever been witnessed in human society. The consequence is, that no instance has ever been known of a country which has pushed its natural resources to a great extent, with a small proportionate body of persons of property, however rich and luxurious they might be. Practically it has always been found, that the ex cessive wealth of the few is in no respect equivalent, with regard to effective demand, to the more moderate wealth of the many. A large body of manufacturers and merchants can only find a market for their commodities among a numerous class of consumers above the rank of mere workmen and labourers; and experience shows us that manufacturing wealth is at once the consequence of a better distribution of property, and the cause of further improvements in such distribution, by an increase in the proportion of the middle classes of society, which the growth of manufacturing and mercantile capital cannot fail to create. But though it be true that the division of landed property, and the diffusion of manufacturing and mercantile capital, to a certain extent, are of the utmost importance to the increase of wealth; yet it is equally true that, beyond a certain extent, they would impede the progress of wealth as much as they had before accelerated it. There is a certain elevation at which the projectile will go the farthest; but if it be directed either higher or lower, it will fall short. With a comparatively small proportion of rich proprietors, who would prefer menial service and territorial influence to an excessive quantity of manufactured and mercantile products, the power of supplying the results of productive labour would be much greater than the will to consume them, and the progress of wealth would be checked by the want of effective demand. With an excessive proportion of small proprietors both of land and capital, all great improvements on the land, all great enterprises in commerce and manufactures, and all the wonders described by Adam Smith, as resulting from the division of labour, would be at an end; and the progress of wealth would be checked by a failure in the powers of supply. From what has been quoted in the present chapter from a high authority, it appears that, in a civilised and wealthy community, emigration or colonisation can be encouraged to a great extent; but that such a lopping off from redundant numbers can only alleviate for a time the pressure of an over-populated country. The only permanent method of preventing an excessive pauper-population must be the inculcation of knowledge and moral principle. Knowledge would, in most cases, be followed by prudence; and prudence would enforce on young men who have only their manual exertions to depend on, the necessity of putting by their earnings, and not settling in life till they should, in the savingsbanks or elsewhere, have accumulated a sum adequate to the purpose of providing for future increased wants, and the support of a family. This accumulation could not reasonably be expected before they had reached thirty years at least. Until the lower classes are educated; until this principle is implanted in their minds, and they are satisfied of its truth, and of its influence on their happiness, all the colonisation or emigration that any government can afford, will not remedy the evil of excessive pauperism. The utmost wealth of this empire, were it ten times more ample than it is, would be insufficient to prevent the spread of human misery arising from over-population. END OF THE FIRST VOLUME. AUG 13 1919 LONDON: CLASSIFIED INDEX. Pages Agriculture and Rural Affairs. Robinson's Artof Curing,Pickling&c.26 Dahlmann's English Revolution Bayldon On valuing Rents, &c. Pages. Johnson's Farmer's Encyclopædia 15 Short Whist Thomson On the Sick Room - Botany and Gardening. Callcott's Scripture Herbal Pages 7 De Sismondi's Fall of Roman Empire 8 Dunham's Hist. of Spain & Portugal 8 " 9 ing the Middle Ages - Dunlop's History of Fiction - 66666 99 · 27 4 30 7 - 30 8 11 12 Tomlins's Law Dictionary - 30 32 " " 9 9 9 17 - 9 19 Conversations on Botany 9 18 Drummond's First Steps to Botany " Greenwood's (Col.) Tree-Lifter 11 10 Grimblot's William III. and 32 Hoare On Cultivation of the Vine - 12 Louis XIV. On the Roots of Vines 12 - 13 Guicciardini's Historical Maxims - and Taylor's Muscologia Haydon On Painting and Design - 13 Historical Picturesof the Middle Ages12 Jackson's Pictorial Flora 15 Lindley's Theory of Horticulture - 17 Jeffrey's (Lord) Contributions to Horsley's (Bp.) Biblical Criticism- 13 11 11 11 12 11 " 3679DI2223 Grattan's History of Netherlands Low's Elements of Agriculture Breeds of the Domesticated Whitley's Agricultural Geology Arts and Manufactures. Brande's Dictionary of Science, &c. De Burtin on the Knowledge ofPictures 8 Gwilt's Encyclop. of Architecture - 25 Steam Engine, by the Artisan Club 28 Supplement to Ditto Biography. Aikin's Life of Addison - Introduction to Botany 17 Synopsis of British Flora 17 " " - 31 " 31 3 4 8 " 9 Bell's Lives of eminent British Poets spondence - James's Life of the Black Prince - Leslie's Life of Constable 9 18 18 25 Moore's History of Ireland Mignet's Antonio Perez and Philip II.21 - 21 26 26 Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History 22 26 - 28 Compendium of Eng. Flora 27 Chronology. Blair's Chronological Tables 4 23 Calendar (Illuminated) & Diary, 1846 14 29 Nicolas's Chronology of History Ranke's History of the Reformation 25 Rome, History of - Russell's Correspondence of the Fourth Duke of Bedford Scott's History of Scotland Stebbing's History of the Church - 28 Switzerland, History of - Sydney Smith's Works - Commerce & Mercantile Affairs. Thirlwall's History of Greece 15 · 15 17 Lorimer's Letters to a Young Tooke's History of Prices Turner's History of England 17 Life of a Travelling Physician 17 19 Maunder's Biographical Treasury - 21 26 Roscoe's Lives of British Lawyers- 26 4 M'Culloch's Dictionary of Com- Walford's Customs' Laws Geography and Atlases. Tytler's Elements of General History 31 28 30 " Spain, and Portugal Southey's Lives of the Admirals Life of Wesley 28 Townsend's Liveso! 12EminentJudges30 Acton's Cookery Books of General Utility. Black's Treatise on Brewing De Strzelecki's New South Wales - Butler's Sketch of Ancient and 6 6 Juvenile Books. Boy's own Book (The) Conscience's Flemish Sketches Hawes's Tales of the North Ameri- can Indians - Howitt's (Wm.) Boy's Country Book 14 On the History of England 66 On Chemistry 6 On Natural Philosophy 8 On Political Economy On Vegetable Physiology - 11 3 4 Supplement on Bavarian Beer 4 Collegian's Guide (The) 6 M'Culloch's Geographical Dictionary 20 On Land and Water On Language - " 23 " Donovan's Domestic Economy 8 Hand-book of Taste History and Criticism. Hints on Etiquette 12 Hudson's Parent's Hand-book - 14 "6 Executor's Guide Loudon's Self-Instruction Maunder's Treasury of Knowledge Biographical Treasury - 14 " - 14 17 Adair's (Sir R.) Memoir of his Mis- 3 3 Bull's Hints to Mothers - 21 21 History of the Temple Church 3 The Game of Grammar 6 Marryat's Masterman Ready- Mission; or, Scenes in Africa21 Maunder's Universal Class-Book - Management of Children 20 20 5 5 4 Blair's Chron, and Histor. Tables. Copland's Dictionary of Medicine - 7 4 Elliotson's Human Physiology 9 Treasury Treasury of History Parkes's Domestic Duties Pycroft's (Rev. J.) English Reading 222333 21 Bloomfield's Edition of Thucydides 4 Holland's Medical Notes 13 21 " Translation of do. 4 21 Bunsen's Egypt Lefevre's Apology for the Nerves - 16 5 Pereira On Food and Diet Cooley's History of Maritime and 24 Reece's Medical Guide - 25 25 Inland Discovery 7 Sandby On Mesmerism 26 25 Crowe's History of France Wigan (Dr.) On Duality of the Mind 32 |